Utilitarianism and Kants Categorical Imperative Essay

Utilitarianism and Kant’s Categorical Imperative The issues of morality are most clearly expressed through examples of different methods of analyzing a situation. The case of Holmes, an officer in charge of a sinking ship, shows the striking differences between philosopher Immanuel Kant’s beliefs and those of the Utilitarians. After Holmes’ ship sinks, there are twenty passengers in a lifeboat that is only meant to hold fourteen people. There was no time to send out a signal for help before the ship sank, so no rescue is guaranteed and the nearest land is fifteen hundred miles away. Holmes decides to force the wounded passengers and those wearing life jackets off of the lifeboat and make his way to shore without them. This action†¦show more content†¦For example, there is a hunter who wonders if it is morally acceptable to kill a deer. Act Utilitarianism analyzes the effects of this one action to decide if it is moral by assigning a value to the am ount of pleasure and pain each individual involved will experience. In this case the hunter and his family will experience the pleasure of having food from eating the deer, many of the neighbors of the hunter will experience pleasure by having the deer off their property, and the deer’s family will experience the pain of the loss of a family member. If the outcome is that the net value of pleasure is greater than the pain caused by the killing of the deer, it is morally right for the hunter to kill it. The example of the sinking ship and Holmes’ decision to throw people off of the lifeboat represents an Act Utilitarian belief. Holmes’ decision making process can be seen as morally right when one assesses the amount of pleasure and pain that can be expected from his actions. The lifeboat is the only method of getting to shore, and the less people that are in it the better the chance they all have of surviving since it will be less likely that the lifeboat wi ll capsize. The boat holds fourteen people, so it is best to take exactlyShow MoreRelatedKants Moral Theory and Utilitarism Comparison Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesKant’s moral theory and utilitarianism are two very different moral theories. Kant’s moral theory works off of the categorical imperative. Utilitarianism works off of the greatest happiness principle. Morality and right action are very different within these two theories, and the idea of slavery is a good example of the differences. Utilitarianism can allow slavery, whereas Kant’s moral theory cannot allow slavery. Kant’s moral theory uses the categorical imperative as its basis. The categoricalRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1403 Words   |  6 PagesBentham’s Utilitarianism. Kant uses a deontological moral approach in his ethical theory. According to Kant’s deontological theory, whether an action is right or wrong does not depend on the consequences produced but on whether or not they fulfill our duty. There are two essential questions that one must ask oneself under Kant’s theory. The first question is whether or not one could rationally will that all people act in the way that oneself choses to act; this is why Categorical Imperatives are importantRead MoreJames Liang And The Volkswagen Emission Scandal Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagessoftware), and Liang worked to refine the device even further. The entirety of the scandal eventually came into the public spotlight in 2015 (Guess, 2016, p.1). The subsequent paragraphs of this essay will first discuss Kantian duty ethics and rule utilitarianism, and focus on analyzing the moral implications of Liang’s actions in reference to these moral theories. Kantian duty ethics, also known as deontology, is based on a few key principles: first, that an act is morally valuable if the will is perfectlyRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of Utilitarianism And Deontology1368 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Sponsler 11/4/15 Ethics Considering Ethical Dilemmas through Utilitarianism and Deontology Kant’s theory of deontology and Mill’s theory of utilitarianism provide starkly different approaches to assigning moral value to ethical dilemmas, two modern dilemmas being commercial surrogacy and physician-assisted suicide. This essay will expound upon the process of deciding moral value within each ethical theory and then apply this decision process to the two ethical dilemmas. Arguments will beRead MoreEssay on Role of Happiness in Ethical Decisions1209 Words   |  5 Pagesideology of utilitarianism. I shall argue that when making ethical decisions, it is imperative that happiness should play a very recessive, if any, role in the decision making process as it does not represent morality in any form. According to Kant, a deontological ethicist, happiness is the â€Å"continuous well being, enjoyment of life, complete satisfaction with one’s condition† (Kant 593). He observes happiness as a form of hypothetical imperative, as opposed to a categorical imperative. Kant focusesRead MoreKant s The Categorical Imperative875 Words   |  4 Pagesintentions. In Kant’s eyes, consequences are irrelevant to assessments of moral worth. He believed the only appropriate motive for moral action is a sense of duty. Sense of duty is doing something solely because it is the right thing to do, not just acting purely out of inclinations is the only just motive for action. Kant defined maxim to be the underlying principles motivating an action which determine its moral worth, not the end result. This sharply contrasts with Mill’s utilitarianism. Kant developedRead MoreMoralism And Immanuel Kant And Utilitarianism1746 Words   |  7 Pagesargument when deciding based on moral beliefs, or solely on the consequences has always been a debate. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses not on the action itself, but the consequences that come from those actions. In a point in time people began to look at their own philological teachings on the topic of morality and ethics. One being Kantian ethics which was formed by Immanuel Kant. Kant’s ethical theory is an example of deontological moral theory, that focuses not on the consequence ofRead MoreMill and Kants Efforts to Solve an Ethical Dilemma822 Words   |  4 Pagesmathematical provability (West 23). Mill’s utilitarianism is the moral standpoint that views actions as right or wrong in proportion to how they advance happiness or pleasure (Bailey 23). By maximizing utility, Mill implies increasing happiness (West 57). Mill urges moral actors to consider the quality of the expected pleasure rather than just focusing on the quantity (Nussbaum 64). Mill postulates that there are higher and lower pleasures (Hayry 48). Utilitarianism can, therefore, be seen as a form ofRead MoreMoral Issues in Business - Chapter 2 Notes793 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciple, and (c) egoism ignores blatant wrongs. 3. Utilitarianism, another consequentialist theory, maintains that the morally right action is the one that provides the greatest good for all those affected. In an organizational context, utilitarianism provides an objective way to resolve conflicts of self-interest and encourages a realistic and result-oriented approach to moral decision making. But critics contend that (a) utilitarianism is not really workable, (b) some actions are wrong evenRead MoreCategorical Vs. Categorical Imperative1929 Words   |  8 Pages An imperative can be described as either a requirement or an order such as an assistant manager being told to take inventory or being told by a personal trainer to do fifty squats. All imperatives, no matter what it is, can either be hypothetical or categorical. A hypothetical imperative would be defining an action to be good if there is â€Å"a means to do something else†. (Landau-Kant 93) An example of a hypothetical imperative would be to do an action in order to achieve a specific result. On the

The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) Is A Multilateral...

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a multilateral free trade agreement that aims to facilitate economic integration among its twelve member states. Scholars Capling and Ravenhill describe the agreement as â€Å"transregional† since it unites various states from five distinct regions: Oceania, North America, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. After eight years of negotiations, the TPP was signed on February 4, 2016 but has yet to be ratified and implemented by its signatories. Besides extensive market access, the agreement focuses heavily on establishing regulatory provisions regarding issues of human rights, labour standards, as well as the environment. As an active agreement that is open to new provisions and amendments, the TPP has the potential to expand and meet the standards of new innovations while embracing prospective members after its ratification. This trade agreement is significant for a multilateral arrangement as the member states considered toge ther, represent over forty percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP) and has the potential to expand as new economies join. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency of the Trans-Pacific Partnership as a relative multilateral arrangement by exploring the agreement’s prospective socioeconomic impacts on its signatories. Utilizing a comparative approach, I will argue that the Trans-Pacific Partnership is an extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) throughShow MoreRelatedInternational Trade Is A Crucial Part Of The U.s. Economy Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational trade is a crucial part of the U.S. economy. In 2012 U.S. exports of services exceeded U.S. imports of services by $196 billion. Efficient production of various goods requires different technologies and certain endowments of resources, and not all nations have the same level of technological expertise and resources (McConnell, 2015). Trade deals allow cou ntries to benefit from the technology and resources of other countries. The Trans Pacific Partnership also known as TPP is a proposedRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Passed in October 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the largest free trade agreement (FTA) to date, comprising nearly 40% of the world’s economy. Countries including the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, South Korea and Mexico, among others share a common economic characteristic of a gross domestic production exceeding 1 trillion dollars annually. Other developing pacific countries included within the TPP include Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, Singapore, Chile, BruneiRead MoreMultilateral Trade: A Burden On Economic Freedom Or An1355 Words   |  6 PagesMultilateral Trade: A Burden on Economic Freedom or an Equal Economic Opportunity Multilateral trade are commerce treaties between three or more countries. Multilateral trade can be one of the most important aspects of any nation’s economy. Many businesses rely upon trade between multiple countries to boost their economic growth and investment. It takes many years for a country to agree upon multilateral trade but once a treaty is passed, it allows all the nations involved to have equal trade opportunitiesRead MoreChallenge For The International Free Trade Era1415 Words   |  6 Pages Challenge for the International Free Trade Era: US and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Paul Jonghyun Lee The College of William and Mary Challenge for the International Free Trade Era: US and the Trans-Pacific Partnership The dynamic nature of American political economy is evident in the fundamental changes in its trading policies. We live in an era of global free trade, where the food we eat are imported from Latin America and the furniture we store our Made-In-China shirts are fromRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )896 Words   |  4 Pagesof unprecedented globalization. Trade occurs across state and international lines making the world’s citizens better off. Free trade is crucial to this improvement in well-being. Unfortunately, all current presidential candidates are against free trade. In particular, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP,) a massive multilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA,) is facing strong opposition. Economists frequently cite the benefits of trade and the importance of free trade between nations. In this fashionRead MoreInternational Trade Zone Of The European Union1547 Words   |  7 PagesBoeing with a Japanese fuselage assembly plant (Cullen Parboteeah, 201 3). The phenomena have been catalysed by the Social Web (Web 2.0) according to Turban and Volonino in 2012 and also by the growth in appetite for reductions in trade barriers between nations, the free trade zone of the European Union being one example. 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President Trump’s views on trade is similar to this zero-sum way of thinking. He claims that trade has decimated manufacturing in America, despite evidence that says that automation and productivity are the main culprits for this decline. Writing in Foreign Affairs, Douglas Irwin, points to â€Å"one representative study, by the Center for Business and Economic Research at Ball State University, [that]Read MoreKey Provisions Of The Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement1656 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper focuses on the key provisions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. The agreement is an expansion from the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement to now include 12 countries. The U.S. government has sp ecific objectives, 13 in fact, for the agreement. If finalized, the agreement would encompass 40 percent of the world’s economy and produce over $300 billion U.S. dollars a year. Labor, goods, services, textiles, and intellectual property make up some of the key provisionsRead MoreFree Trade Is A Policy1660 Words   |  7 PagesFree trade is a policy followed by some international markets in which countries governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Free trade is exemplified by the European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Agreement, which have established open markets. Free trade is an economic policy under which the government does not interfere with trade. No tariffs are applied to imports or exports, and people are allowed to trade goods and services as they please.

Visitor and Crowd Behavior Management

Question: Discuss about theVisitor and Crowd Behavior Management. Answer: The Aim of the Article: This article is developed with the aim of understanding the market of ethnic tourism. The major aim of this research is to identify the different groups of ethnic tourists and types of the experience they prefer. Approach of the Study: As mentioned in the research paper by Moscardo Pearce, (1999) the study has been done with a qualitative approach. In addition to this, the researchers have used the Emic approach while conducting the research. Method Used in the Study: As mentioned by Moscardo Pearce, (1999) here, the population was the visitors of the Tjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park in Australia. The researchers have used an extensive survey method for collecting the data. Key Findings: As per the study, most of the people liked to experience the direct contact with ethnic people. There are three other groups like The Passive Cultural Learning group who liked the experience but not vary much enjoyed the contact with ethnic groups and crafts and The Ethnic Products and Activities, who was the passive cultural learning group. Last but not the least, Low Ethnic Tourism group, who were least interested in the tour and their reason for visiting was learning the culture and experiencing something different. Conclusion and Recommendation: Hence, from the above discussion it can be noted that the visitors have different tastes and motivations. Hence, to augment the visitor count of the park the authority can opt for separate arrangements for the visitors and encourage them to opt for their preferred experience. References: Gallagher, J. J. (2012). A Distinction between Emic Research and Etic Research.Gifted and Talented International,27(1), 71-72. Moscardo, G. Pearce, P. (1999). Understanding ethnic tourists.Annals Of Tourism Research,26(2), 416-434.

Swot Top Glove free essay sample

It already offers a wide range of products – from latex to synthetic gloves and from examination to industrial usage. Top Glove has 13 key products for both hospital and industrial use. †¢ 25-40% annual expansion to drive earnings. Earnings will be fuelled by its capacity expansion of 25-40% p. a. in FY07-09. It plans a staggered expansion that will keep pace with market demand. Top Glove has a 3-pronged growth strategy – organic growth, growth via MAs and upstream diversification. Established in 1991, the group was listed on Bursa Malaysia’s second board a decade later and, within 14 months of listing, graduated to the main board in May 02. It has also diversified overseas and set up four factories in Thailand and two in China, in addition to the 12 facilities it has in Malaysia. Figure 1: Corporate structure Top Glove Medical (Thailand) Great Glove (Thailand) TG Medical (USA) Inc Great Glove Sdn Bhd TOP GLOVE CORP Top Glove Sdn Bhd TG Medical Sdn Bhd Top Glove Engineering Top Glove International Msia Top Glove Technology Msia Top Glove (Zhangjiagang) Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Top Glove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ltd Great Glove (Xinghua) Co. Ltd Top Glove Technology (Thailand) Co. Ltd TG Medical (Zhangjiagang) Incorporated B Tech industry Co Ltd: Thailand Source: Company A one-stop solution. Top Glove aims to become a one-stop shop for gloves. It already offers a wide range of products – from latex to synthetic gloves and from examination to industrial usage. The company has 13 key products (Figure 2) for the medical, industrial and food services industries. 80% of their output is in the form of natural rubber gloves and the remaining 20% are synthetic gloves. Synthetic gloves encompass vinyl, nitrile and polyethylene apron (P/E) gloves. Figure 2: Product range (i) Latex Latex examination powdered gloves Latex examination powder-free gloves Long length 12 high risk gloves Coloured (blue/green) gloves Flavoured (mint) gloves Latex examination polymer-powder-free gloves Surgical gloves Household gloves Industrial gloves Cleanroom gloves Source: Company Non-latex Nitrile examination gloves Vinyl examination gloves PE gloves Figure 3: Product range (ii) Source: Company [ 2 ] Worldwide presence. Almost 100% of its products cater for the export market. Thanks to its massive size and wide product range, the group exports to more than 750 customers in about 175 countries (Figure 4). Given the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) nature of its business, Top Glove manufactures for a wide range of customers. It is not dependent on any single customer as no customer contributes more than 5% of group sales. Figure 4: Export markets Rest of the w orld, 16% Australasia, 8% USA, 30% Latin America, 10% Middle East, 6% Europe, 30% Source: Company Huge production capacity. Top Glove has a total of 310 production lines which are able to manufacture 27. 0bn pieces of gloves a year (Figure 5). Production capacity Countries Malaysia Thailand China Total Source: Company No. of factories 12 2 2 16 No. of glove lines 238 36 36 310 Capacity (bn pieces p. a. ) 20. 48 3. 38 3. 14 27. 0 Moving upstream. Due to its vast usage of latex, Top Glove expanded upstream through the acquisition of B Tech Industry, a manufacturer of concentrated latex in Thailand for RM26. 8m in May 06. B Tech has a plant in Haadyai which houses 29 latex centrifuge machines and has the capacity to supply up to 40,000 metric tonnes of centrifuged latex annually or about 30-40% of the group’s latex requirement of about 100,000 tonnes. We are positive about its upstream expansion as it will give the group better control over the supply, timing and quality of part of its latex consumption. We understand that the expansion will lead to latex cost savings of up to 3%. While this does not appear material, we note that latex makes up 54% of Top Glove’s cost of production, followed by chemical products, overheads and other expenses and labour costs (Figure 6). In terms of quality, B Tech’s plant was awarded the ISO 9001:2000 certification in Jun 05. It is also recognised by Thailand’s Environment Institute and Pollution Control Department since Jan 05. Its factory is considered a model factory for wastewater treatment in Haadyai. [ 3 ] Figure 6: Cost structure Ov erhead Others, 10% Packaging, 7% Fuel, 9% Latex , 54% Chemical, 11% Labour, 9% Source: Company Outlook Recession-proof product. Glove is a commodity product and a necessity in the healthcare and food services industries. This ensures continued demand even during recessions. Glove consumption now stands at about 120bn pieces p. a. Industry players estimate that global demand for gloves is increasing at a rate of 1012% a year, driven by population growth, greater awareness of hygiene and emergence of diseases and health treats like SARS, bird flu and anthrax. Industry consolidation. On the local front, stringent quality requirements and rising latex costs over the years have led to the exit or takeover of many smaller manufacturers which are unable to comply with quality standards and do not enjoy economies of scale. We believe that this backdrop will create a vacuum for the bigger manufacturers like Top Glove to fill. Outsourcing trend. Big US multinationals (MNCs) like Kimberly-Clark and Ansell are not expanding their glove production capacity but instead are outsourcing their production. Being an OEM manufacturer, Top Glove which is already a supplier to the MNCs will clearly benefit. Expansion programme Top Glove is embarking on various expansion programmes, which fall into three categories. Organic growth Putting in more lines. The group targets to put in an additional 52 lines (4. 87bn pieces p. a. ) in two of its factories in Malaysia and another 40 lines (3. 98bn pieces p. a. ) in its plant in China. Both expansions are targeted to be completed by 1H08 and will push the group’s total capacity to 33. 8bn pieces a year (Figure 7). This will place Top Glove in a position to tap the strong demand for gloves and MNCs’ outsourcing. Targets 35% global market share by 2010. Based on the estimated global market of 123bn gloves and Top Glove’s capacity of 32. 8bn pieces by end-07, the company will be able to supply up to 25% of global glove requirements. It targets to increase its market share to 35% by 2010. To this end, it plans to set up about two factories per annum in stages after 2007.

Free Essays on Malcom X

of Malcolm X shortly before he was gunned down February 21, 1965. An inspiration to millions, Malcolm X’s life provides an insight to how difficult life was in the mid-1900s for a penniless black man. His was a story of the powerful effect faith can have in transforming a once pitiful life into something meaningful. An advocate for civil rights, Malcolm X was one of the rare gems who spend their life devotedly dedicated towards a cause with no thought of personal gain, fame, wealth, or pride. He lived for his God, Allah, and until the betrayal of his lifetime, was the loyal servant of Elijah Muhammad. His was the story of the gradual evolution of a man and his struggle to make sense of those around him. Most importantly, it was his struggle to make sense of who he was and what he stood for. I believe that El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, as Malcolm X was commonly called after performing the obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca, was one of history’s most greatly misunderstood men. The Autobiography of Malcolm X sent a message of hope to its audience. Here was a chronology of the life of a black man struggling to first cope and then break away from the white world. Regarded as an extremist by critics for his earlier calls for voicing his then radical thoughts, Malcolm X’s life may help to account for such an opinion. This book and its theme were about the evolution of Malcolm throughout life and his responses to his circumstances. The theme dealt with the idea that no matter how bad life may be, no matter how bad it may seem for you, only you can dictate what life will do to you. Only you can decide what your self-worth is, no one e... Free Essays on Malcom X Free Essays on Malcom X A black militant, Malcolm X championed the rights of African Americans and urged them to develop racial unity. He was known for his association first with the Nation of Islam, sometimes known as the Black Muslims, and later with the Organization of Afro-American Unity, which he founded after breaking with the Nation of Islam. Malcolm Little was born in Omaha, Neb., on May 19, 1925, the seventh of eleven children. The family soon moved to Lansing, Mich. There they were harassed by whites who resented the black nationalist views of the father, Earl Little, an organizer for Marcus Garvey's "back-to-Africa" movement. When Malcolm was 6 his father was murdered. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown, and the family was separated by welfare agencies. Later in his life Malcolm came to believe that white people had destroyed his family. Placed in a series of schools and boardinghouses, Malcolm became a fine student and dreamed of becoming a lawyer. A teacher, however, told him that b ecause he was black he should learn carpentry instead. Discouraged, he left school after the eighth grade to live with a relative in Boston, Mass.Malcolm shined shoes and worked at a soda fountain, in a restaurant, and on a railroad kitchen crew. In 1942 he moved to the black Harlem section of New York City. He lived as a hustler, cheating to make money. He was wary of the police. A pusher, he sold drugs and became an addict himself. Pursued by a rival hustler, he went back to Boston, where he organized a burglary ring. In 1946 he was sent to prison for burglary. While serving in prison Malcolm adopted the Islamic religion as practiced by a group that later became known as the Nation of Islam. They stressed ethical conduct with other African Americans but taught that white people were "devils." Released from prison in 1952, Malcolm joined his younger brother in Detroit, Mich., where, in Muslim fashion, he replaced his slave last name with an X to symbolize h... Free Essays on Malcom X Anything I do today, I regard as urgent. No man is given but so much time to accomplish whatever his life’s work†¦I am only facing the facts when I know that any moment of any day, of any night, could bring me death†¦I never have felt that I would live to become an old man.†(Page 385) These are the words of Malcolm X shortly before he was gunned down February 21, 1965. An inspiration to millions, Malcolm X’s life provides an insight to how difficult life was in the mid-1900s for a penniless black man. His was a story of the powerful effect faith can have in transforming a once pitiful life into something meaningful. An advocate for civil rights, Malcolm X was one of the rare gems who spend their life devotedly dedicated towards a cause with no thought of personal gain, fame, wealth, or pride. He lived for his God, Allah, and until the betrayal of his lifetime, was the loyal servant of Elijah Muhammad. His was the story of the gradual evolution of a man a nd his struggle to make sense of those around him. Most importantly, it was his struggle to make sense of who he was and what he stood for. I believe that El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, as Malcolm X was commonly called after performing the obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca, was one of history’s most greatly misunderstood men. The Autobiography of Malcolm X sent a message of hope to its audience. Here was a chronology of the life of a black man struggling to first cope and then break away from the white world. Regarded as an extremist by critics for his earlier calls for voicing his then radical thoughts, Malcolm X’s life may help to account for such an opinion. This book and its theme were about the evolution of Malcolm throughout life and his responses to his circumstances. The theme dealt with the idea that no matter how bad life may be, no matter how bad it may seem for you, only you can dictate what life will do to you. Only you can decide what your self-worth is, no one e... Free Essays on Malcom X During the 1960's civil rights protest took place. In particular two civil rights leaders stood out the mos,. Malcome X and Martian Luther King Jr. Although both fought for black freedom, each had different theories of getting it. Malcom X was born in Omaha, Nebraska 1925. While growing up Malcome moved to many of the United States major cities, a main effect of this was turning little Malcom into a hardened criminal. At the age of 20, he was arrested for burglary and served seven years in prison. While in prison Malcom found that the white society was oppressive to the black people. From then on Malcom started to preach for black power, he spoke at â€Å"non violent movements† saying he was becoming impatient because equity wasn’t coming fast enough. Malcom disagreed with all the early race protest saying they didn’t spread the black word out fast enough. In February 1965 Malcom X was shot dead in New York City during a rally. Martian Luther King Jr as Malcom X set his sights on stopping segregation that had been around for ages. Threw Matians life he felt the full fury of racism as a result of growing up in the deep south. Martian was arrested over 20 times for participating in many civil rights movements. In 1963 Martian along with others organized a march that would end up in front of the Lincoln monument at the heart of Washington, DC. This is where Martian made his powerful â€Å"I have a dream speech† which made him a part of history forever. Martian believed in non violent movements and said violence was not needed to spread the word of black freedom. In April 1968 at the age of 39 Martian was shot down and died shortly after. A man named James Earl Ray was convicted with Martian Luther King Jr, death. Martian Luther and Malcom although led short lives they significantly influenced this great land forever. Martian along with other Baptist clergymen started an organization (The Southern Chris...

3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation

3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation 3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation 3 Cases of Erroneous Punctuation By Mark Nichol In each of the following examples, confusion about the role of the comma in conjunction with a conjunction results in incorrect inclusion, omission, or placement of punctuation. Discussion following each example explains the error, and a revision illustrates correct employment of punctuation. 1. The business recently acted on the recommendation, and early on in its transformation process, has already generated valuable time and money-saving efficiencies. Here, the writer is unclear about how to integrate a parenthetical phrase into a sentence. Without the insertion of â€Å"early on in its transformation process,† no internal punctuation is necessary in this sentence, so the first comma should follow, not precede and, which is not part of the parenthesis: â€Å"The business recently acted on the recommendation and, early on in its transformation process, has already generated valuable time and money-saving efficiencies.† 2. That debate could place everything on the table and, for that reason, significant tax reform in 2017 may prove challenging to achieve.   In this example, the introductory phrase of an independent clause is treated as a parenthetical phrase. Note, however, that what precedes and is a complete statement, and what follows the conjunction is another complete statement, so a comma should team up with and (in that order) to separate the two independent clauses, which would otherwise be separated into two sentences: â€Å"That debate could place everything on the table, and for that reason, significant tax reform in 2017 may prove challenging to achieve.† This doesn’t mean that â€Å"for that reason† cannot function as a parenthetical phrase, but in that case, a comma preceding and would still be required to separate the independent clauses, and two more commas would have to bracket the phrase. The suggested revision, however, reduces the number of commas. (Also, it is not incorrect to omit the comma following â€Å"for that reason† as an introductory phrase, but I recommend punctuating such phrases consistently to eliminate arbitrary inconsistency.) 3. The financial services industry has had a strong focus on data governance for more than a decade and, as a result, most firms have mature data classification and governance programs in place.   This sentence has the same fault as the one in the previous example, so again, simply shunt the first comma so that it precedes the conjunction: â€Å"The financial services industry has had a strong focus on data governance for more than a decade, and as a result, most firms have mature data classification and governance programs in place.† Another solution, besides dividing one sentence into two, is to replace the comma and and with a semicolon rather than a period: â€Å"The financial services industry has had a strong focus on data governance for more than a decade; as a result, most firms have mature data classification and governance programs in place.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionKn- Words in English

Television Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Television Addiction - Essay Example TV viewing becomes more than a relaxing activity but a mere way of passing time. One’s ability to concentrate on an activity when TV is on remains low as even one cannot sustain the conversation. The response is equally the same when the conversation is either of substantial importance or not. Over the years, scholars have tried to ascertain whether watching of violent movies influences an individual to act out violently, but the focus has never been on the addictive aspect of a television. Primarily, television addiction is the spending of too much time in watching television or watching it more than initially intended. It can also be the constant thinking about how to reduce watching it or the making of unsuccessful continuous attempts to reduce the hours spent in front of it. Tentatively, those with this form of addiction tend to exhibit withdrawal symptoms once deprived off their frequent viewing (Large 98). On the contrary, watching too much television does not necessaril y imply an addiction to the same. Television is an informative tool mostly used to educate and pass relevant information across a wide audience. However, it becomes addictive when they feel that they need to minimize the time they spend watching it and instead engage on something useful. This is often an inward drive and not external. Primarily, watching of television is a leisure activity that does not derail one from their normal routine or activities. Arguably, others tend to speculate that time that the time devoted in front of a TV set portrays the love for TV and not the addiction. However, the reaction to emergencies tends to be slow in those who devote their time to television viewing rather than those who are doing other things (Large 98). This is high because people tend to switch off their responses and become passive as they indulge in television viewing. Similarly, the effects displayed in watching TV and those of a tranquilizer tend to relate. The two make the body be in an inert state that with the effects wearing slowly offs the body. According to Kubey and Mihaly, members of the middle class tend to feel the guilt more than the lower class, as they tend to feel that time they spent on TV should have been on something constructive. For the lower class addicts, the hours spent on watching TV tend to de rewarding rather than satisfying (Large 98). In essence, there emerge the heavy viewers and the light viewers. First, the heavy viewers are those who spend more than four hours of their day in front of a TV while the light viewers are those that watch it for only two hours a day. Essentially, the viewer content is what keeps the viewer glued to a TV screen for a great number of hours. The images displayed make the brain remain glued to TV screen for hours. For one to continue viewing in A conscious manner they need not give in to electric response of the brain that is switching off when television switches off. This would mean that their sense of relaxation ended when they switched off TV (Large 97). In addition, the two scientists found out that a greater number of adults viewed themselves as addicts rather than the teenagers. They also found out that the adult’s ability to concentrate on a different activity after the switching off was hard, as it affected their moods. In conclusion, television addiction is the mind perception of an individual. The verdict on whether one is addicted to TV or not, solely lies with an individual and not on any external influences. In my view, people’s addiction on TV amounts to the levels of judgments portrayed when glued to screen of a TV

McCain's Bid for Re-Election and His Stance on Immigration Term Paper

McCain's Bid for Re-Election and His Stance on Immigration - Term Paper Example McCain has changed many of his controversial opinions and policies in order to get more public acceptance. The critics blame McCain for such fluctuating policies. His the opponent in the Republican Party for the Presidential nomination, Hayworth accused McCain of teaming with Democrats on issues. He blamed McCain for working with â€Å"Sen. Russ Feingold of Wisconsin on campaign finance reform and with the late Sen. Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts on an immigration bill that would have created a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants† (U.S. Senate Facing Toughest Re-Election Bid, McCain Moves Right on Several Issues).   Hayworth and his supporters are particularly troubled by McCain's immigration bill, which they call "amnesty" for illegal immigrants. McCain has since backed off his calls for comprehensive immigration reform, saying the government should focus first on securing the border before figuring out how to handle the millions of illegal immigrants already in the country. He says he opposes amnesty (U.S. Senate Facing Toughest Re-Election Bid, McCain Moves Right on Several Issues). McCain’s major opponent Hayworth and his allies criticize McCain mainly because of his controversial immigration policies. McCain believes that America needs the services of the immigrants for its development and it is necessary to give citizenship to the immigrants. In his opinion, America is facing stiff manpower shortage at present in the employment sector and that is why most of the organizations are outsourcing their jobs to cheap labor markets such as India and China. Obama is trying hard to avoid outsourcing of jobs from America in order to put an end to the uncontrolled capital outflow from America.  

Feminism During the 50s Essay Example for Free

Feminism During the 50s Essay The book Revolutionary Road, written by Richard Yates, tells the reader a story about the life of Frank and April Wheeler. The Wheelers are a married couple with children who live in a 1950’s suburb. This essay shows the reader how characters in the book do not conform to typical gender roles during this time period and how these gender roles are switched between men and women. The story gives us a lot of insight in to gender roles during the 1950’s. However, Frank and April Wheeler do not abide to the typical gender roles of men and women during this time period in American society. The idea of this analysis is to show the reader how Feminism and Masculinity are tested in Revolutionary Road. Richard Yates switches gender roles in this novel and does a good job of showing us a different perspective from what was most common during the 1950’s. Revolutionary Road is about Frank and April Wheeler who live in a suburb called Revolutionary Estates with their two children Jennifer and Michael. They are viewed by their neighbors as your ideal husband and wife. They have a nosy real estate agent named Mrs. Giving’s who randomly shows up throughout the story and has a deranged son named John who ends up having some conflict with the Wheelers. Mrs. Giving’s also has a husband named Howard who seems not to care what she has to say most of the time because she is always gossiping or talking too much. There is also a couple, Milly and Shep Campbell who are family friends of the Wheelers and often hang out and drink together. Frank ends up having an affair with Maureen, a woman who works at Knox with him. He ends up feeling guilty about it because April does something special for him. She stops the argument they are in and has a surprise birthday plan for him and tells him about her plans of moving their family to Europe. Plans fail however when April realizes she is pregnant and Frank is satisfied that they won’t have to move. April ends up having an affair with Shep Campbell who is in love with her secretly. The story ends up with April killing herself attempting to do her own abortion from home. Frank lives on in distraught and agony. Richard Yates uses Feminism in the story to show the reader how Frank fits in with typical feminine role of this time and April fits in with the  typical masculine role. Frank is constantly emasculated throughout the story by April. When they realize April is pregnant, she wants to have an abortion. Frank is upset but he can’t do much about it because he doesn’t have any say in what she does. He tries to say, â€Å"Listen. Listen to me. You do this – you do this and I swear to God I’ll –† and she cuts him off and says, â€Å"Oh, you’ll what? You’ll leave me? What’s that supposed to be – a threat or a promise?† (Yates 52) testing his masculinity once again. April is not the typical woman of the 50’s and that’s why conflicting gender roles play such an important theme in this novel. Frank thrives off of the need to prove himself to April. He wants her to believe he is in control of every situat ion and is the man of the house. He tries to put off this image to April that he is a real man and leads their household. Frank has a lot of conflict throughout the book because of his constant need to prove his manhood and prove his masculinity to April. Richard Yates uses Frank Wheeler to show us just how this novel conflicts the typical gender roles during the 1950’s. Yates says about Frank, â€Å"Wasn’t it true, then, that everything in his life from that point on had been a succession of things he hadn’t really wanted to do? Taking a dull job to prove he could be as responsible as any other man†¦ Having another child to prove that the first one hadn’t been a mistake†¦ Proving, proving; and for no other reason than that he was married to a woman who put him forever on the defensive† (Yates 51). Yates shows the reader the true tenacity of Frank’s need to prove himself to April day after day. Having a job, having a family, and doing everything to provide for your family were all things men were expected to do during that time in America. Frank has an obsession with needing April to believe he is in control and fully providing for her and their children. He feels she will leave him or step up and provide for them herself is he cannot do it. Frank is trying to prove he is the man and holds the masculine gender role over April. April says in one scene to Frank, â€Å"Me. Me. Me. Oh, you poor, self-deluded – Look at you, Look at you, and tell me how by any stretch of imagination you can call yourself a man† ( Yates 28) which really test Franks masculinity. He is without a doubt upset about April’s actions and words. By receiving her approval, he feels his masculinity and feels he has accomplished what is important. Throughout the  story however, we see that Frank never truly gets the approval from April he is looking for. Yates intends for Frank to be weaker and less masculine than April. This is how Richard Yates uses conflicting gender roles in his characters. April is a very independent woman and she will take care of what she feels is necessary. She doesn’t look to Frank for guidance and leadership. The narrator points this out when April is mowing the lawn and Frank is watching her wishing he was doing it. The narrator states that Frank had â€Å"planned as soon as he’d had some coffee to go out there and take the lawnmower away from April, by force if it was necessary, so the he could restore as much balance to the morning as possible. But he was still in his bathrobe† (Yates 40). Frank cannot stand the fact that April is mowing the yard and not letting him do it. Yates gives us a description of April in the yard, he says, â€Å"It was April herself, stolidly pushing and hauling the old machine, wearing a man’s shirt and a pair of loss, flapping slacks† (Yates 35) This description of April really gives the reader a simple understanding that April doesn’t need Frank to mow the yard because she is capable and willing to do it herself. These are the things that really bother Frank because he wants a woman who needs him to do everything for her. That’s what Frank feels he is supposed to do; he wants to be the sole provider and â€Å"alpha† of his household. Another way we see Frank being emasculated is when April plans the move to Europe. She tells Frank about the plans to move at his surprise birthday get together, he had just got home from having an affair with Maureen from his office. The narrator gives us a good understanding of Frank’s inability to take control. He ends up agreeing with the plans even though he is not fully sure and confident that is what he wants. Frank says, â€Å"Darling? We are really going to do it, aren’t we? I mean it hasn’t just been a lot of talk or anything, has it?† (Yates 116) and they agree the move to Europe is a sure thing. Then they fall asleep and the chapter ends with April saying I love you to Frank. Frank is finally feeling a sense of assurance at this point because things are getting better between him and April. He is finally feeling that sense of satisfaction he thrives for. He and April are getting  along and things â€Å"seem† to be good. However, April ends up letting Frank in on some startling news. She is pregnant and when Frank finds out he is actually happy about the news because he has had a promotion offered to him at work and knows that having a baby will keep them from moving. When April realizes Frank is satisfied with not moving she threatens to abort the baby herself after Frank finds her abortion tools and she test Franks masculinity again by saying, â€Å"And what are you going to do? Do you think you’re going to stop me?† (Yates 209) when he questions her on what she is going to do with the tools. Frank has no control over any situations throughout this book. Especially in this situation because April has had her mind set on moving and she was not going to take no for an answer. She eventually kills herself trying to proceed in doing an abortion herself at their home. April had control of the situation the whole time. Furthermore, â€Å"Revolutionary Road† gives the reader a wide and detailed interpretation of very unusual gender roles for the 1950’s. The author’s use of feminism helps him to show how Frank is a man who feeds of his wife for satisfaction. Everything Frank does is mainly to get the approval and acceptance of his wife April. Feminism also helps us to take a look at how April Wheeler is portrayed. She is a very independent woman and for this time period that is very rare. Women typically depended on men and did not step up as leaders and sole providers of their family. However, April is much different. She wants Frank to know that she can take care of herself and her family without the help of a man. She is portrayed as being much more masculine and superior than her husband. She is in control of their relationship and she is in control of Frank’s life. Everything Frank does is based on what April thinks and getting her to notice and her to approve is what makes him feel like a man. Richard Yates did an amazing job in â€Å"Revolutionary Road† by showing the reader the conflicting gender roles of April and Frank Wheeler. Works Cited Yates, Richard. Revolutionary Road. 2nd. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 2000. Print.

interior with a book :: essays research papers

The painting I chose to critique is Interior with a Book. This painting was instantly appealing to me. The painting focuses on an empty chair in a room next to a table. On top of the table there is a cup closest to the chair. Next to that there is an open book, and on the right edge of the painting there is an empty plate on the table. If you look out the window, you will see a big green field. The reason this painting was so appealing to was because this field looks like a golf course to me. I can see a sand trap on the left edge of the painting close to the house the picture is taken from. Also, there is what appears to be a winding path coming down the center of the field which could be a cart path leading to a green.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The painting appears to be done in oils which would be a good choice for this painting. Painting with oils allows the painter to blend colors together and adds a lot of depth to the picture. This is imperative for many of the objects in this pai nting such as the field and the sky. Interior with a Book looks to be a representational painting but one could argue that there are some parts that are nonobjective or abstract. A person can see most of the images in the painting and they are forms in the natural world, thus making it a representational painting. However, there are two black spots that appear to be outside the window that I cannot make out exactly what they are, therefore maybe making this part nonobjective. On the other hand, with this picture looking so much like a golf course to me these two black spots could represent distorted golfers getting ready to chip in a ball, making this part abstract. One of the properties of this painting is that the field is made up of an analogous harmony. The field is made up of green, yellow-green, and yellow. The effect of this is that the field appears to have different shades of green grass, such as a rough, a fairway, and a green. Another property of this painting is the asymmetrical balance. The painting is heavier to the left because the chair, being the central image in the painting, is to the left of it.

David Ortan Plc Case Study Essay

1.1.David Orton Plc: A brief overview of merger of Orton group and Costwise David Orton Plc was a result of merger when Orton group, distinguish British Food Retailer Company, acquired Costwise Company in 2005. British CC (competition commission) had reservations at this mighty onset of merger as companies were independently huge retailers already and their reservation was somewhat genuine. The outcome of merger could obviously be a huge monopolize and was evidently aimed at controlling the large market share. The fear laid in commission’s stance that the result of merger will ultimately monopolize certain areas of the region. Nevertheless, it took substantial time to achieve this target as costwise had recognised since very beginning that two companies differ in structure and size therefore it will take quite a while to feel the impact physically. The impression of this merger let staff members of both companies to feel uncertain and uncomfortable, especially of costwise organisation and they feared that each company will be swallowed by the other. Motivational problems related with finance were of major importance to employees of both companies and here too, employees of costwise tended to complain more. The senior management and executive members of costwise company sought to gather and discuss at large weaknesses and strengths of the organisation on realizing that employees’ attitude and perception toward merger could have substantial impact on company’s performance. This meeting cleared company and its employees’ view of the desired merger and future of company was discussed by management personnel (Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D., 2007). 1.2.Motivational state of employees The staff at costwise was more inadequately motivated towards the merger for the most part as capacity is intricately linked with the question of motivation. Some of the employees’ concerns were included salaries issues, intangible rewards, apprehensions, secondary benefits and recognition etc which were being abandoned by the higher management. Employees were also of the view that costwise company didn’t give them a chance to flourish and  grow. They weren’t given deserving opportunities including measures and promotion which otherwise would help them to grow tithing the framework of the organisation. Conversely, management thought that employee’s reduced performance has affected the overall performance of the organisation as a whole. The organisation gave much quality of supervision, interpersonal relations, and efficient administration of regulation and policies of the company. Recognition for outstanding performances, advancement to upper level of tasks and some other general interests of employees were kept low on the other hand. Employees were bound to grow at slow pace as limited or no training programs were carried out by company’s management thus affecting the overall performance of the employees (Mullins, L., 2007). There were, nevertheless some factors which were being appreciated by the employees and which had a direct, progressive affect on employees motivation level. Those factors include sense of interaction, loyalty and trust and chemistry between employees and management which led each party to realise organisational problems occurring within the organisation. The sense of interaction and utmost respect of work were responsible to increase employees’ moral and a practice of trust and loyalty among them could be seen through observation (Kelley, H.H., 1999) 1.3.Attitudes and Perception of the employees In any such situation, there are probable situations where attitudes and perceptions of the associated employees change drastically. One of the obvious attitudes that could be expected from employees is their felling of low self worth. This feeling is probable and any person associated with a company which is going to merge up with another company of twice its size can have it. This circumstance, however, could result in employees’ reduced level of efforts and sometimes deliberately withholding efforts. Poor performance and uncertainty can be suspected in this case which organisations are required to reduce or get ready for the aftermath. Employees’ withdrawal of their commitment to work can seriously damage the stability and competitive advantage it earned during the time therefore managers have to take the responsibility and devise action plan to waive off such situations (Myers, D., 2005) The employees are supposed to have alarming beliefs and questionable attitudes toward the merger and if those attitudes do not get properly managed, it will badly affect the company’s performance. The most questionable attitude in this case could be employee’s perception toward management decisions as it could a sense of uncertainty within them. They become more sensitive to their future as any uncertain thought about company’s decisions and actions could let them thin that their job is at stake. Thus staff turnover is quite probable as no employee could thrive in uncertain work environments. Differences in opinions, either professional or technical could also result in employees’ frustration and developing angry attitude resulted by genuine work complaints (Nelson, D. & Quick, J., 2006) 1.4.Resultant effects Resultant effects which such attitudes can have may include employees’ self-centeredness, their insensitivity to other people, their constant attention and affirmation seeking behaviour which could confront to abrupt in some cases. Lack of cooperation, failure to follow regulations and rules at work and absenteeism could be some results and forms of attitudes which costwise company can expect from its employees. It will be of utmost responsibility of new management to reassure the employees of costwise that they are fundamental assets of the organisation and they have to adequately motivate the employees in best possible manner. It is quite obvious that employees will act in circumstances which dictate their perception of situations. In this scenario, motivation will dictate their perception of jobs. It is also probable that employees of any company compare themselves and their positions with their counterparts and feel a sense of inferiority. Supervisory perception could also be expected for example costwise managers will feel uncomfortable to work under supervision of Orton’s management if any such scenario happens. This will only increase the problem for the costwise organisation and it will also account for bad perception of merger in vicinity of strong factors arousing uncertainty among costwise employees (Buchanan, D. & Huczynski, A., 2004) Self-perceived insufficiencies in comparison to former Ortan organisation are resultant from reasons of differences in development and capacity and the suspicion that ultimately  results in lack of equity. Competition of resources is another perception that has strong effect on employees’ attitudes of both companies as it will cause discrimination since Ortan employees are in better positions than costwise’ thus they are more likely to obtain benefits and resources such as salary increments and training programs . In this case, employees of costwise will obviously feel inadequately compensated and benefited even before the merger. This threat, either real or illusionary, is suppose to cause deep-rooted problems as all such scenarios are directly related with human psychology (Daus, 1997). 1.5.Main issues faced by senior managers Complex work environments and due to some other demographic and technological changes and innovations, senior managers have now augmented responsibility of supervising staff and employees of any organisation. Obviously the most important task is to increase the employees’ performance thus increasing overall performance of the organisation. In a case where employee’s attitudes toward work have been exacerbated by above mentioned factors and attributes, senior managers have to work hard in order to obtain their objective. They need to get employees back to work with full enthusiasm which will help them in scoring tasks and meeting deadlines. There are those employees who want to be supervised, some of them feel certain insecurities, and some feel company’s decisions as threatening their future. Managers are therefore needed to address such issues within the organisation and propose sustainable solutions (Kanigel, R., 1997) Employees’ unethical behaviour is another serious issue which requires mangers to taken care of. Some employees, who are satisfied by the policies and decisions of the organisation, tend to ignore rules and regulations set by the management. They compromise on the delivery and quality of work thus affecting organisation and its outer world relationships. The challenge of such employees’ commitment and motivation is one difficult task which managers at both organisations have to carry out. This can, however, be solved by taking simple steps which first include assessment of the behaviours and attitudes of such employees and of those factors which are responsible for such behaviours and attitudes. For example, a clear observation of the case study  suggests that employees at both organisations weren’t happy for their salary compensations. They in fact found it unsatisfactory that some employees of some departments are getting higher wages whereas some other deserving staff members have not been compensated by the organisation adequately. They had another concern that organisations failed to address their social, emotional, psychological and esteem concerns. Obviously mangers do have the responsibility to take care of such issues if organisations want to increase the motivation of employees (Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R., 2006) Culture, gender, sexual orientation and religion etc. are dominated by the diverse workforce by whom both organisations operate. This diverse workforce thus engenders complexities and challenges for the management as minds of employees are naturally discriminated. These employees do have strong impact on other staff members thus senior managers are more likely to deal with challenging circumstances. Rewards, appreciation, recognition and especially balancing and equal treatment are such tools which can be highly useful in fighting similar challenges. Employees’ interaction has to be monitored by the management and with advancement of telecommunication; the challenge has become strong and important. They have to devise solutions that effectively control this challenging situation since employee privacy has already been restricted in several sectors (Gentile, M. C., 1996). 2.Critical analysis of the study Effective management of organisational behaviour is somewhat critical and requires the management to effectively examine the sources of motivation, group influence and job design among other things. It needs to define behaviour modification procedures which will help the learner to realise and appreciate the direct connection between organisational behaviour and possible consequences of it. Positive reinforcement is an effective tool which includes administrating sentencing on bad or negative behaviour and rewarding good or positive behaviour. The X and Y theories of Douglas McGregor play vital role in effective management of behaviours. Theory X involves the style of rather authoritarian management which recommends that coercion with help of application of threats upon individual is effective as an average individual detests work. The theory also argues about achievement  of organisational objectives through letting individuals concerned about it as an average individual doesnâ₠¬â„¢t like to have responsibility and rather prefer to be secure at all cost. Participative management theory or Theory Y stipulates that individuals are mainly self-directed thus they will have to take the responsibility. According to Douglas McGregor, The capacity to employ creative thinking and imagination is widely spread throughout individuals thus capacity and intelligence is partly utilised by the industry. Ability to possess responsibility and self-direction drives individuals to obtain organisational objectives (Robinson, G., and K. Dechant, 1997) The above discussed theory can be utilised in developing reward schemes and policies for staff members by rewarding those employees with benefits who perform well and grueling those who show bad behaviour and retain poor performances. By implementing this model, employees at David Orton Plc will be more obliged to work hard and return considerable benefits for the organisation in their quest to rewards, promotions, incentives and other forms of recognitions. Another effective methodology in this regard could be the Content theory which deals mainly n the area of individuals’ requirements and demands. These requirements can be broken down further into their primary requirements such as food, clothing, shelter etc. and their secondary requirements such as desire of power, achievement among colleagues, approval and love etc. It is however critical to locate the influence over behaviour by these requirements. The influence by primary needs is easy to understand and identify but influence by secondary requirements on behaviour varies by certain factors and is difficult o understand. The hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow tends to explain the requirements which could possibly affect the attitudes and behaviours of individuals working under the organisational framework (Larbi, G., 2006) Self-actualisation is needed to get managed against above mentioned background by investing in an effective, creative and challenging work place environment. Promotions, independence, flexibility and providence of bigger responsibilities are among some factors which can be employed to boost esteem if managed well. Lower level requirements including social, psychological and security requirements can be efficaciously managed by procuring safe working conditions, friendly work atmosphere and reasonable  and suitable work hours. Therefore the theory of Maslow or theory of hierarchy of needs can be applied to the case of merger, David Orton Plc which observes dissatisfaction among its employees over inadequate pay structure, lack of recognition and other social, emotional and psychological wants. This theory can be effectively applied by management by sufficiently increasing employees allowances, rewards, salaries and give them an overall well being in their areas of complaints (Larbi, G., 2006) 3.Conclusion Concluding, organisational behaviour seems to resolve around people’s perception, their power to act feel under organised settings. The organisational complexities occurring within the framework of an organisation need associated management and senior executives to evaluate key behavioral factors which dominate the system. They have to examine the reasons behind such factors and once they succeeded in identification, they got to develop sustainable strategies and plans to tackle organisational behaviour problems. Any solution aiming at increased performance by the employee will result in increased performance of the organisation. For this, management needs to realize employees that their talents are being recognized and to compensate them with adequate resources, pays and secondary benefits so that they could overcome the sense of terrifying uncertainty and work hard for the goodness of their own and the organisation. Ensuring sufficient motivation among employees is one thing but managing this motivation all along is another yet a difficult challenge for the organisation. Strategies aimed at actively fostering the development and growth of the employees will only make sure that their capacity and motivation is developed. An organisation flourishes when management succeeds in developing and establishing a strategy which ensures employees that their received salary is linked with their performance and that their expectations towards their compensation against work done will be adequately rewarded. If employees lost interest in work and what they do at the organisation, nothing could prevent organisation from failure and economic devastation therefore enriching jobs will help greatly in developing employees’ interest in their jobs they will feel enchanted to have something more than a job  which rewards them with a paycheck and it surly is a great thing. To instill such strategies into organisational framework, organisations are needed to assess behaviours and issues related with employees and propose better solutions for them. References Buchanan, D. & Huczynski, A. (2004) Organisational Behaviour: An Introductory Text, 5th ed., Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Daus (1997). Challenges of leading a diverse workforce. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 32–47. Gentile, M. C. (1996). Managerial excellence through diversity, Chicago, IL: Irwin; and Joplin, J. R. W., and C. S. Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D. (2007) Organisational Behaviour: An Introductory Text, 6th ed., Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Kanigel, R. (1997). The one best way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the enigma of efficiency. New York: Viking. Kelley, H.H. (1999) â€Å"Attribution in Social Interaction.† In Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior. E.E. Jones, et al. Morristown, MJ: General Learning Press. Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2006) Organizational Behavior: key concepts, skills, & best practices. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Larbi, G. (2006). â€Å"Applying the new public management in developing countries,† in Y. Bangura and G. Larbi. Public sector reform in developing countries: capacity challenges to improve services. Basingstroke, Palgrave. Mullins, L. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour. 8th ed. FT/Prentice Hall Myers, D. (2005) Social Psychology. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill Nelson, D. & Quick, J. (2006) Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Realities & Challenges. 5th ed. Thomson South-Western Robinson, G., and K. Dechant (1997). Building a business case for diversity. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 21–31.

Sex Discrimination in Poland

Eradication from sex discrimination on the Polish work market would favour development of women’s promotion prospects. Since becoming a full European Union member Poland has made headway in promoting gender equality into national policies and in gender discrimination in the workplace. However, this country still lags far behind the other countries of an old continent breaching women’s’ rights not openly. Poland is a country that cultivates its tradition and keep its values. Stereotypes regarding the model of Polish traditional family are deeply ingrained in Poles psyche and therefore women are not treated equally in the society because they have always been associated with fulfilling domestic activities. Also, a conservative attitude to women in Poland when it comes to work stems from the history. Polish women were identified with ‘Mother- Pole’ who protects the hearth and home. In connection to this the vast majority of men cannot imagine women’s forsaking their duties. Regardless Poland succeeds in making progress on different fields the problem of female manager’s promotion remains unsolved. The most industrialized countries such as Sweden, Germany or USA are willing to take advantage of women’s potential and experience. Reasons are numerous, for instance : more female workers are highly educated in comparison to male employees. Moreover women seem to be attractive workers in view of possessing features that are not typical of men. For example they better endure stressful situations and have better developed communication skills. Unfortunately many employers in Poland do not appreciate women’s aptitude like it is in other countries. Still women continue to occupy lower positions . Even if they put an enormous effort to perform their duties the salary for the same job is lower . I conclude that male employers are afraid of aligning women in responsible positions because they do not believe that women will manage to fulfill duties properly. Nevertheless, a plenty of amenities for female workers are being implemented in many European companies in order to facilitate their development. Also Poland should adjust their work market to women. First of all the Polish Government ought to take measures to protect women against discrimination at work. For instance they can levy fines on companies where women are sidelined from work due to their gender. Moreover, Poland should increase the access to care services like nursery schools. Thanks to it women will have an opportunity to join family duties with work and continue their carreers. In addition there should be implemented flexible working hours which are crucial for women on maternity leave . Introducing such solution will be profitable for her employer. On the whole Powers governing Polish work market are relentless and only few women who were entirely determined to break the glass ceiling managed to overcome the barriers. Women’s promotion prospects should be more widespread and the Government should introduce campaign encouraging male bosses to employ women.

The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union

The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union Background information about COUSA The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union (COUSA) is an umbrella union that was formed in 1974 by a group of unionized employees working at Ontario University in Canada. COUSA is made up of workers from clerical jobs, administrative, technical and professional occupations. There are different types of groups under the COUSA umbrella.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They include employees from Ontario University- from independent, non-unionized groups, provincial groups and international unions- are members of COUSA. All member unions under COUSA shared a common aspiration: that all employees of Ontario University need a common platform to collect information and work together with the government. In addition, the umbrella organization does not rival other unionized organization; on the contrary, it is willing to collaborate with them to the benefit of workers (COUSA, 2011, p.1). There are many benefits one can get by joining COUSA. For example, members of the Confederation attend three seminars organized by the umbrella body every year to network and share valuable information about emerging issues in labor unions. COUSA offers avenues where non-academic employees at Ontario University can share knowledge and experience about trends or activities that touch on employment issues. In addition, COUSA organizes workshops where members discuss and share knowledge on crucial topics for example: pay equity; reforms on labor laws; lobbying approaches; negotiating skills; and benefits costing. The Confederation also lobbies and advocates on behalf of Ontario University staff to the public and government. It also offers a platform that enable member groups to collaborate on a short term basis (COUSA, 2011, p.3). Legal issues and obstacles faci ng COUSA There are a number of legislative reforms in Canada that are likely to impact on the way COUSA runs its affairs. For example, in 2004, the parliament enacted Labor Relations Bill 144 that altered a number of labor relations laws in Canada. COUSA has several trade unions that are registered under the Ontario Labor Relations Act.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the introduction of Labor Relations Bill 144 is bound to have an effect on the activities of the trade unions under COUSA. In addition, the new regulation will have a negative impact on academic workers hired on a part-time basis by the Ontario University. For example, the Bill requires unionized organizations to submit the income disclosure requirements. This is one of the new changes introduced by the law and contradicts the public view about the objectivity of labor law (Slinn, 2003, p.367). The effectiveness of COUSA is also constrained by lack of a strong financial base. Labor unions are denied financial aid from the government under the new law. COUSA does not have enough financial resources to mange cases related to violation of the Labor Act. A swift decree is the only viable cure to the adverse effects of the Act on the union. Also, lack of ample financial resources has limited the ability of COUSA member unions to access reconciliation services. This has severely limited the ability of the COUSA to bargain on behalf of its member unions (Slinn, 2003, p.369). Bargaining process COUSA has a number of elected representatives that bargain on behalf of its members. For example, the COUSA Salaries and Benefits Committee is mandated to negotiate on behalf of staff at Ontario University on matters related to compensation (David Stiff, 2007, p.1). The Confederation also supports a number of legislative changes that enhance working conditions and seek minimum wages for its m ember unions (Fanelli Meades, 2011, p.12). For instance, COUSA supports the restoration of several key powers that were formerly granted to Ontario Labour Relations Board. It has been noted that many employers engage in unjust labor practices to prevent their staff from exercising their democratic rights with respect to certification process. It is thus vital that OLRB is granted authority to certify all unions (Slinn, 2003, p.370).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More COUSA also supports the resolution to re-empower OLRB to endorse a trade union in cases where the employer has engaged in unjust labor practices. It is worth to note that the OLRA was previously an influential body that deterred employers from violating the Labor Relations Act. Thus COUSA supports reforms proposed by the Ontario Federation of Labor regard ing labor laws in the interest of simplicity and certainty. COUSA is convinced that the card based system used for certification is the suitable way for selecting union officials. When the card based system was abolished in 1995, the Conservatives stated that compulsory votes were democratic and thus fair. However, COUSA pointed out that compulsory voting disregarded the genuine resultant power disparity between employers and workers. The main reason for this transformation was to make it difficult for the unions to receive certification and also to reduce the speed at which unions could put in order their new bargaining units. Studies show that this move was successful since there was a significant reduction in the rate of certification of unions in 1993 after the endorsement of Bill 7. Thus COUSA has employed a number of bargaining strategies such as information leverage, offers and concessions; and long-term tactical thinking to gain an upper hand when bargaining on behalf of its members (Trotman, 2011, p.4). References COUSA. (2011). Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union. Retrieved from cpwo.ca/about-us.php David, S., Stiff, B. (2007). Queen University Staff Association. Ontario: Betty Pollard. Fanelli, C., Meades, J. (2011). The Case of Carleton’s Capitalist University. Retrieved from https://socialistproject.ca/2011/01/b450/Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slinn, S. (2003). The Effect of Compulsory Certification Votes on Certification Applications in Ontario. Canadian Labor and Employment Law Journal, 10, 367- 397. Trotman, V. (2011). Building Union-Management Partnerships. Toronto: Federated Press.

Free sample - The White Power. translation missing

The White Power. The White PowerWhite power is a collective term used to describe white racial movement as they dominate almost every thing in the United States of America. This can be illustrated by looking at Ku Klux Klan, the name given to three different ancient and current supreme organizations in the United States. These clans are said to have boomed in different times (Leeper, 2000) .For example, the first Klan boomed in the years 1860s and became in existence in the 1870s and it was only available on the southern parts with their white costumes consisting of makes and robes. The second Klan came into existence in the early and mid 1920s while the third was known after the famous Second World War with their unforgettable records of practicing terrorism, a tactic that is believed to have been boosted by the second KKK. History holds that, during the reconstruction of Radical republican, the first Klan sought to restore superiority by engaging in criminal acts characterized by murder and so much violence against the blacks and white Republicans. This led the Federal government to put force acts, which advocated for the Klan prosecution (Leeper, 2000). The second Klan is said to be very different from the first Klan as it was a formal organization with its activities practiced country wide. This Klan taught about clean politics and advocated for Unity in American states. One of the biggest criticisms to this Klan is the fact that, some local groups went to extremes of attacking civilian houses and did other unnecessary violence. When you compare the history of these Klan’s you find that, the third Klan caused a very high destruction ,as it is believed to be responsible for the historic bombing of Birmingham 16th street Baptist church, that claimed lives of   so many civil rights workers and innocent children(Leeper,2000). Today many people believe that, the KKK is a rebellious organization as declared in 1999 by the city council of Charleston, in southern Carolina and the unforgettable campaigns made by the University of Louisville professor in the year 2004 to have the Klan declared illegal organization, so that it may be abolished from the campus. Currently the Klan is said to have so many members after the 2008 election of President Obama.The main objectives of the current membership is based on rising issues of illegal immigrants and increase of urban crimes.

Refrace week 4 dq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refrace week 4 dq - Essay Example His actions however were never authorised by the UBS organisation. There was no communication back and forth . Verhezen (2010) discusses the stress on ‘voice’ in an organisation’s culture. The members of such a group must have a voice which others can both hear and understand. If this does not happen it could be because they are avoiding communication , a form of passive evasion. It can also be the result of an unwillingness to conform to the group’s usual rules . If this is seen to be important to an organisation then all its members, at whatever level in the company, must be free to raise questions and to discuss the existing guidelines . If implementing of the current guidelines is found to be unfair or biased in some way, then the fact that they are just accepted isn’t a good thing. If the actions such as those undertaken by this trader are judged to be morally wrong, then he is actually taking action against the norms of the organization . Top management should be the people who keep a company on track and if the actions of those lower down the hierarchy are neither praised of chastised, then this ‘silence’ on the part of the bosses will be interpreted as silently giving support to the action of individuals day by day. When such actions are participated in by large numbers of employees these actions becomes part of the company culture, whatever the official ethos or mission statement. The behaviour therefore becomes considered to be approved of and acceptable until the day comes when disaster strikes, as in this case. Only then do the actions become overt and are labelled as being at the least unethical, and in an extreme case as worthy of a criminal charge The problem is that no one , except their own conscience, polices those at the very top. If top management work only to please the board , without more careful consideration of ethical issues, then control and reputations may well be lost

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15250 words

Cloud Computing - Essay Example tions to common problems hindering business industry and the global development like, security, legal issues, and vendor lock-in which are still under review without regulations and standardisation across Cloud Computing providers. Through the expertise in the mentioned field of work, I utilised my prowess extraneously to implement long term IT projects with constantly growing budgets acceptable as the norm under which I had to go through, until I got involved in implementing a CRM solution based on Cloud Computing platform. However, to my surprise, the implementation of Cloud computing just took few months hence both solutions and resolutions based on customer feedback from the sales teams. It’s one of the best solutions we’ve implemented, unlocking a great business potential with improved productivity. It’s believe that the research will be of great benefit to business and IT community interested in the subject, as it provides number of reference points to whic h some of the latest publications on the topic, â€Å"Cloud Computing† be reviewed, a real life implementation example, plus research surveys integrating the expert opinions from some of the leading global organisations and individual involvement in Cloud Computing. â€Å"Once involved in Cloud Computing, individuals would appreciate and admit that the older state of forgone technology was just a prototype of a new kind of power-plant, a computing power plant that would change the information age compared to the effects of electric plants on the industrial age† – (Nicolas Carr - â€Å"The Big Switch† - 2008) The level and speed of technological advancement is drastic hence more elaborate information system understanding that every common man with or without IT knowledge could appreciate the cost... The dissertation is based on technological advancement especially the involvement on Cloud Computing that has been intensified through the availability of high speed fibre optic network with ability to transport high data bandwidth at extra high speed without signal degradation and crosstalk. However, the Cloud Computing is concerned with the implementation of online businesses and Cloud space business that could be used by anybody interested in any business that could be availed online. Other than business, a lot more is available to the internet users including social and other commercial sites that are used to convey information to various users online depending on the sites that users are interested into. Other than Cloud computing, the research paper is based on live experience on how the information age developed centuries ago and the implications related to the invention and implementation of computer age with Cloud Computing through availability of internet services. Through the involvement of TCP/ IP, http and HTML Cloud computing is aimed at availing resources closer to the users hence there is no need for having extra storage facilities as everything could be readily available cheaply through the system. However, through intensified online business, users attain the required information that relates to their perceived requirements. To support this, authors in the information technology field have also emphasised their views and research findings to support their perception on the information technology and Cloud Computing.

Financials sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financials sector - Essay Example When it comes to investing I normally prefer the buy and hold strategy. This kind of investing usually requires one to be patient and comprises of a holding period which basically refers to the expected or real period of time within which an investment is attributable to a specific investor. Nevertheless, in a long position, the holding period means the time between a security’s purchase and when it’s sold. Every successful investor usually has a lot of patience and s/he is dedicated to buying and holding great growth securities. Most of the time, the stocks that one buys may not do well for several weeks. Nonetheless, if one has the courage to stick with them, some are likely to turn out to be big winners. Eventually these big wins are the ones that can make all the difference to an investor (Thomsett, 2002). My hero in investing and one of the greatest investors of all times, Mr. Warren Buffet has proven this to be very effective with his Berkshire Hathaway Inc company whose stocks he has never sold since he bought them. The stocks have grown in value easily making me one of the richest men in the

Impact of Natural Disaster on Infrastructure

Impact of Natural Disaster on Infrastructure We humans cannot envision when a regular calamity happens, and more often than not, when a natural disaster happens it brings a lot of wreckage and demise. Recent events show that a significant increase in number of natural calamities for natural and human made reasons which could have potentially very huge consequences on infrastructure. If those infrastructures fall the chain of accidents could lead to a catastrophic situation, and can affect the environment, the economy and people. This paper will focus on the study of the impact of natural disaster on infrastructure. This paper will analyze the methodology of assessing the risk regarding natural Calamity on critical infrastructure through the analysis of cascade effect. This paper will analyze a series of proposals to reduce the risk of such events. Rationale of the Study The significant increase in natural disasters has serious consequences on the population, environment and economy of the world. This consequence has been extended because of the development of Transport networks industrial plans and infrastructures. According to Rahman (2005), during the year of 1980 to 1990, the major catastrophic natural disasters was caused by a earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, lightning and violent winds. They have also analyzed the contributing factors regarding those natural disasters and its impacts on the infrastructure. Now critical infrastructure is a complex system of components that includes production, Transportation, communication, health, safety and activities that is necessary for social needs. So naturally if the infrastructure or Falls then sodas their communication system as well as the economy of the word. That is why there is a very significant impact of natural disasters on the infrastructure and economy of the world. And because of that this is a very important problem to study. Research Objectives Major objectives of this research are given below. To investigate the importance of infrastructure in modern economy To investigate the contributing factors of natural calamities To investigate the impact of natural calamities on infrastructure To recommend proposed ways to minimize the risks on natural calamities. According to Chen and Mark (2010), critical infrastructure is a series of complex system that involves production, Transportation, health, communication, safety and all the teams that is society needs to run. Now any destruction of this complex system or affect the overall economy as well as the working structure of the word. The potential sources of affecting the infrastructure can come from natural causes, technological causes or human origin causes. The disaster can also be triggered by a simple mistake which has a big consequence over the environment. And those risks can combine with each other to lead to an event complex situations where the consequences are even bigger. Natural reasons involve earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and other natural emissions including floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms and climate change. On the other hand, the technological list on infrastructure involves fire, explosion, pick toxic chemicals release and other mechanical explosions that can affect infrastructure. And finally, the human cause two reasons involve human error, defect in design, carbon emission by human civilization that can lead to Natural disasters and many other (Showalter and Myers, 1994). Figure: Infrastructures Damaged by the Effects of the Earthquake. According to Birregah, Muller and Chà ¢telet (2011), earthquakes are one of the main reasons that do more harm to infrastructure than any other natural events. But earthquakes dont kill people, buildings do. They describe the effects of the 7.9 magnitude earthquake in 2008 in China where the main cause of death and injury was because of the collapse of a building due to earthquake. During this event, a lot of industrial facilities, where houses and buildings have destroyed and because of the destruction of those infrastructure a lot of people died and injured. On the other hand, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Japan in 2011 who is causes a powerful aftershock that gave rise to a huge tsunami who treats several miles in Japan. The earthquake and tsunami destroyed the overall infrastructure in the country including roads, Bridges, ports, railways, buildings and other infrastructures. And because of the earthquake more than 28,000 people were dead or missing which created a havo c. Because of the earthquake and tsunami, the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan was destroyed the creating more disaster because of nuclear radiation. These also created a total blackout in many regions in Japan during the time (Krausmann and Cruz, 2013). This example shows how the combination of natural disasters and technological event can occur simultaneously and affect a whole countrys Industrial infrastructure thus leading to social crisis. Figure: The Accident Sequences Generated by the Earthquake. A natural event can also cause a chain of events that can lead to a complete destruction of a countrys infrastructure. The figure above shows how an earthquake give birth to a series of events that can completely destroy the critical infrastructure of a country. For example, if we consider the destruction of supply because of the chain event caused by an earthquake it can be found that the earthquake can produces a huge shock wave that create a tsunami and that can destroy the Nuclear Power Plant which produce energy. And because of the destruction of the nuclear power plant the whole country can face a complete blackout. And it takes a lot of time and money to rebuild the infrastructure destroyed by the natural disasters. This research will provide several recommendations to reduce the destructions and costs offered by natural disasters. Some proposed recommendations are given below. Dampers, also known as shock absorbers can be a very useful tool to absorb the shock wave during an earthquake while designing an earthquake resistant building. As concrete are able to withstand wind, hurricane, flowers and Fire; powerful concretes can be used to build earthquake resistant buildings. When designing a house or building, hipped roof or with stands can be used instead of flat or gable shaped roof. The reason is because hip shaped roofs are more stable than gable type roof. This paper will present proper methodology of carrying out risk assessments on infrastructure because of natural disaster. As natural disasters have a significant economic, social, environmental and political impact on the country, these disasters can cause a huge loss for a country. And that is why it is very important to always be prepared because natural disasters are very hard to predict. But by taking precautions it is possible to reduce disease done by natural disasters. Aldo tropical cyclones, floods, storms are predictable but severe natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami are very hard to predict. Their examples where a single disaster led to a whole destruction of a countrys infrastructure. Besides, because of the difficulty of measuring the actual impact of natural disaster on the, economy continues to be a major challenge, it is not always possible to asses the proper loss caused by those disasters. So, the challenges are always big when it come s to natural disasters part by taking precautions it is possible to reduce the loss caused by those natural events. References Birregah, B., A. Muller and E. Chà ¢telet (2011) Interdependency-based Approach of Complex Events in Critical Infrastructure under Crisis: A First Step toward a Global Framework. In: (C. Soares, ed.) Advances in Safety, Reliability and Risk Management. London: CRC Press, Taylor Francis, pp. 149-155. Campedel, M., V. Cozzani, E. Crausmann and A. M. Cruz Naranjo (2008) Analysis of Natech Accidents Recorded in Major Accident Databases. In: Proceedings of PSAM9 International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, IAPSAM Int. Association for Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, Hong Kong, China, May 18-23, pp. 1-8. Chen, Z. W. and H. Mark (2010) Impact Analysis of Natural Disasters Using Interrelation of Infrastructure and Associated Industries, Journal of Shanghai University (English ed.), 14(6):424-429. Kadri, F., P. Lallement and E. Chà ¢telet (2012) The Quantitative Risk Assessment of Domino Effect on Industrial Plants Using Colored Stochastic Petri Nets. Presented at PSAM11 and ESRELConference, Helsinki, Finland. Krausmann, E. and A. M. Cruz (2013) Impact of the 11 March 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on the Chemical Industry, Natural Hazards, 67(2):811-828. Krausmann, E. and F. Mushtaq (2008) A Qualitative Natech Damage Scale for the Impact of Floods on Selected Industrial Facilities, Natural Hazards, 46(2):179-197. Krausmann, E., A. M. Cruz and B. Affeltranger (2010) The Impact of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake on Industrial Facilities, Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries, 23(2):242-248. Rahman, S. (2005) Impact of Natural Disasters on Critical Infrastructures. In The 1st Bangladesh Earthquake Symposium. Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 14-15. Showalter, P. S. and M. F. Myers (1994) Natural Disasters in the United States as Release Agents of Oil, Chemicals, or Radiological Materials between 1980-1989: Analysis and Recommendations, Risk Analysis, 14(2):169-182.