Financials sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financials sector - Essay Example When it comes to investing I normally prefer the buy and hold strategy. This kind of investing usually requires one to be patient and comprises of a holding period which basically refers to the expected or real period of time within which an investment is attributable to a specific investor. Nevertheless, in a long position, the holding period means the time between a security’s purchase and when it’s sold. Every successful investor usually has a lot of patience and s/he is dedicated to buying and holding great growth securities. Most of the time, the stocks that one buys may not do well for several weeks. Nonetheless, if one has the courage to stick with them, some are likely to turn out to be big winners. Eventually these big wins are the ones that can make all the difference to an investor (Thomsett, 2002). My hero in investing and one of the greatest investors of all times, Mr. Warren Buffet has proven this to be very effective with his Berkshire Hathaway Inc company whose stocks he has never sold since he bought them. The stocks have grown in value easily making me one of the richest men in the

Impact of Natural Disaster on Infrastructure

Impact of Natural Disaster on Infrastructure We humans cannot envision when a regular calamity happens, and more often than not, when a natural disaster happens it brings a lot of wreckage and demise. Recent events show that a significant increase in number of natural calamities for natural and human made reasons which could have potentially very huge consequences on infrastructure. If those infrastructures fall the chain of accidents could lead to a catastrophic situation, and can affect the environment, the economy and people. This paper will focus on the study of the impact of natural disaster on infrastructure. This paper will analyze the methodology of assessing the risk regarding natural Calamity on critical infrastructure through the analysis of cascade effect. This paper will analyze a series of proposals to reduce the risk of such events. Rationale of the Study The significant increase in natural disasters has serious consequences on the population, environment and economy of the world. This consequence has been extended because of the development of Transport networks industrial plans and infrastructures. According to Rahman (2005), during the year of 1980 to 1990, the major catastrophic natural disasters was caused by a earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, lightning and violent winds. They have also analyzed the contributing factors regarding those natural disasters and its impacts on the infrastructure. Now critical infrastructure is a complex system of components that includes production, Transportation, communication, health, safety and activities that is necessary for social needs. So naturally if the infrastructure or Falls then sodas their communication system as well as the economy of the word. That is why there is a very significant impact of natural disasters on the infrastructure and economy of the world. And because of that this is a very important problem to study. Research Objectives Major objectives of this research are given below. To investigate the importance of infrastructure in modern economy To investigate the contributing factors of natural calamities To investigate the impact of natural calamities on infrastructure To recommend proposed ways to minimize the risks on natural calamities. According to Chen and Mark (2010), critical infrastructure is a series of complex system that involves production, Transportation, health, communication, safety and all the teams that is society needs to run. Now any destruction of this complex system or affect the overall economy as well as the working structure of the word. The potential sources of affecting the infrastructure can come from natural causes, technological causes or human origin causes. The disaster can also be triggered by a simple mistake which has a big consequence over the environment. And those risks can combine with each other to lead to an event complex situations where the consequences are even bigger. Natural reasons involve earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and other natural emissions including floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms and climate change. On the other hand, the technological list on infrastructure involves fire, explosion, pick toxic chemicals release and other mechanical explosions that can affect infrastructure. And finally, the human cause two reasons involve human error, defect in design, carbon emission by human civilization that can lead to Natural disasters and many other (Showalter and Myers, 1994). Figure: Infrastructures Damaged by the Effects of the Earthquake. According to Birregah, Muller and Chà ¢telet (2011), earthquakes are one of the main reasons that do more harm to infrastructure than any other natural events. But earthquakes dont kill people, buildings do. They describe the effects of the 7.9 magnitude earthquake in 2008 in China where the main cause of death and injury was because of the collapse of a building due to earthquake. During this event, a lot of industrial facilities, where houses and buildings have destroyed and because of the destruction of those infrastructure a lot of people died and injured. On the other hand, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Japan in 2011 who is causes a powerful aftershock that gave rise to a huge tsunami who treats several miles in Japan. The earthquake and tsunami destroyed the overall infrastructure in the country including roads, Bridges, ports, railways, buildings and other infrastructures. And because of the earthquake more than 28,000 people were dead or missing which created a havo c. Because of the earthquake and tsunami, the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan was destroyed the creating more disaster because of nuclear radiation. These also created a total blackout in many regions in Japan during the time (Krausmann and Cruz, 2013). This example shows how the combination of natural disasters and technological event can occur simultaneously and affect a whole countrys Industrial infrastructure thus leading to social crisis. Figure: The Accident Sequences Generated by the Earthquake. A natural event can also cause a chain of events that can lead to a complete destruction of a countrys infrastructure. The figure above shows how an earthquake give birth to a series of events that can completely destroy the critical infrastructure of a country. For example, if we consider the destruction of supply because of the chain event caused by an earthquake it can be found that the earthquake can produces a huge shock wave that create a tsunami and that can destroy the Nuclear Power Plant which produce energy. And because of the destruction of the nuclear power plant the whole country can face a complete blackout. And it takes a lot of time and money to rebuild the infrastructure destroyed by the natural disasters. This research will provide several recommendations to reduce the destructions and costs offered by natural disasters. Some proposed recommendations are given below. Dampers, also known as shock absorbers can be a very useful tool to absorb the shock wave during an earthquake while designing an earthquake resistant building. As concrete are able to withstand wind, hurricane, flowers and Fire; powerful concretes can be used to build earthquake resistant buildings. When designing a house or building, hipped roof or with stands can be used instead of flat or gable shaped roof. The reason is because hip shaped roofs are more stable than gable type roof. This paper will present proper methodology of carrying out risk assessments on infrastructure because of natural disaster. As natural disasters have a significant economic, social, environmental and political impact on the country, these disasters can cause a huge loss for a country. And that is why it is very important to always be prepared because natural disasters are very hard to predict. But by taking precautions it is possible to reduce disease done by natural disasters. Aldo tropical cyclones, floods, storms are predictable but severe natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami are very hard to predict. Their examples where a single disaster led to a whole destruction of a countrys infrastructure. Besides, because of the difficulty of measuring the actual impact of natural disaster on the, economy continues to be a major challenge, it is not always possible to asses the proper loss caused by those disasters. So, the challenges are always big when it come s to natural disasters part by taking precautions it is possible to reduce the loss caused by those natural events. References Birregah, B., A. Muller and E. Chà ¢telet (2011) Interdependency-based Approach of Complex Events in Critical Infrastructure under Crisis: A First Step toward a Global Framework. In: (C. Soares, ed.) Advances in Safety, Reliability and Risk Management. London: CRC Press, Taylor Francis, pp. 149-155. Campedel, M., V. Cozzani, E. Crausmann and A. M. Cruz Naranjo (2008) Analysis of Natech Accidents Recorded in Major Accident Databases. In: Proceedings of PSAM9 International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, IAPSAM Int. Association for Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, Hong Kong, China, May 18-23, pp. 1-8. Chen, Z. W. and H. Mark (2010) Impact Analysis of Natural Disasters Using Interrelation of Infrastructure and Associated Industries, Journal of Shanghai University (English ed.), 14(6):424-429. Kadri, F., P. Lallement and E. Chà ¢telet (2012) The Quantitative Risk Assessment of Domino Effect on Industrial Plants Using Colored Stochastic Petri Nets. Presented at PSAM11 and ESRELConference, Helsinki, Finland. Krausmann, E. and A. M. Cruz (2013) Impact of the 11 March 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on the Chemical Industry, Natural Hazards, 67(2):811-828. Krausmann, E. and F. Mushtaq (2008) A Qualitative Natech Damage Scale for the Impact of Floods on Selected Industrial Facilities, Natural Hazards, 46(2):179-197. Krausmann, E., A. M. Cruz and B. Affeltranger (2010) The Impact of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake on Industrial Facilities, Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries, 23(2):242-248. Rahman, S. (2005) Impact of Natural Disasters on Critical Infrastructures. In The 1st Bangladesh Earthquake Symposium. Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 14-15. Showalter, P. S. and M. F. Myers (1994) Natural Disasters in the United States as Release Agents of Oil, Chemicals, or Radiological Materials between 1980-1989: Analysis and Recommendations, Risk Analysis, 14(2):169-182.

Free Macbeth Essays: The Murder of King Duncan :: Macbeth essays

The Murder of King Duncan in Macbeth  Ã‚      Many factors were involved in Macbeth's decision to kill King Duncan. He had pressure from his wife, he had an idea in his head, given to him by the three witches, and he was extremely ambitious. All of these factors contributed to his demise in the end and his decision to murder his king.    This whole situation comes about because of three witches who wanted to cause trouble for Macbeth. They knew all along what would happen to him in the end. Macbeth is ambitious and the witches played upon that by promising Macbeth great things, such as becoming the king of Scotland, and Thane of Cawdor. Immediately after he talks with the witches, he is by chance entitled, Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth now believes in the witches’ words and honestly believes that the crown of Scotland will fall upon him by natural means. This idea goes awry when Duncan names Malcom his heir. Macbeth then, still believing in the witches, goes on with his plan to murder Duncan.    Lady Macbeth is a very loving wife to Macbeth and she wants to do anything she can for him to achieve his goals. She just takes it a little too far, and she puts too much pressure on Macbeth to commit crimes that he is not sure he wants to do. After Macbeth sends her a letter about the witches’ premonitions, Lady Macbeth is no longer the sweet innocent lady we expect her to be. She turns into a person who is just as ambitious as her husband and she wants to do whatever it takes to help him get Duncan out of the way. She even goes to the point of calling Macbeth a coward, and mocking his bravery when he fails to complete the job. She is even willing to do it herself (plant the bloody knife with the guard). Lady Macbeth is constantly putting the pressure on Macbeth to do things that he is not sure about. She almost turns into a bully who dares Macbeth to go out and do evil things. She even says in a soliloquy that she wants to be released of all her morals and values so that she can help him commit these crimes.    Finally, we have to look at the tragic flaw of the hero himself.

Organizational Ethics Issue Resolution Paper Essay

This paper aims to describe an ethical issue and apply it to six ethical decision making steps namely issue clarification, stakeholder analysis, values identification, issue resolution, addressing objections and resolution implementation. Main Body The ethical issue that will be discussed is giving out unacceptable levels of air and water pollution during the production process by an organization’s factories. In order to effectively resolve the issue, the organization needs to change its production processes so that its social cost is not that high and at the same time the organization will profit from it. Issue Clarification The first step in resolution of organizational ethics issue is to properly defining the problem in detail and discussing it with all the related members of the organization. The definition must be clear, specific and based on the best available information. Then all the people who are getting affected by this issue must be identified. Once this is done, the consequences of this issue must be discussed in detail. Another very important matter that must be dealt with is information needs. This will help the organization understand the nature of the issue at hand. Lastly, the importance of solving this issue must be evaluated so that it can be given a priority. (Michigan State University Extension, 1994) In our case, the issue at hand is pollution. The company’s factories give out a lot of smoke in the atmosphere and also the rivers and canals around the factories are being contaminated by the dumping of chemical waste in them. Because of the rising problem of global warming, air pollution is an issue of great concern. The water from the rivers and canals around the factory is not usable any more. The dumping of chemical waste in the river waters has resulted in no clean water for the housing societies in the locality. After seeing all this, a lot of Non Government Organizations have suggested measures that will reduce the pollution that is given out. In addition to this, the government is also planning on imposing laws that will limit the amount of pollution that is given out. Organizations that give out pollution above the acceptable level will be heavily taxed. Those involved and who are affected include the people of the neighborhood, environmentalist, government and the society as a whole. Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis is a process in which the Stakeholders are defined and their importance in the whole decision making process is evaluated. Stakeholders are all those groups that will affect and get affected by an organization’s decisions. Examples include government, community, employees, shareholders etc. In order to resolve organizational ethics issue effectively, it is absolutely essential for an organization to win support from these groups. There are four steps to how this procedure must be carried out. First of all, your stakeholders must be identified. Secondly, you will prioritize them and next the organization will attempt to understand their most important stakeholders (MindTools, 2008). Lastly, all the support that we can get from these stakeholders will be assessed and ways to reduce opposition from some of them will also be considered. The stakeholders involved in our case will be the public, senior executives, press, government and non-government organizations, customers, prospective customers, and lastly trade unions. This list is prioritized, the first one being the most important. They are prioritized according to the amount of interest and power they have on the organization. The stakeholders with high levels of power and interest must be managed closely and be kept satisfied. All these groups are affected by the organization’s decisions and they also have influence over these. The organization will also get support from all these stakeholders. Public will be supportive because decrease in pollution will directly benefit them. Senior executive will also supportive because through press, the company’s brand image will improve and because of this, the customers and potential customers will go for the company’s products. Lastly, we will try to understand these stakeholders and how they feel about the decision and the ethical issue. This can be done with the help of interviews and other means of communication. This understanding will help in more accurately prioritizing the stakeholders. Values identification The third step in the decision making process would be identification of the organizational values. Every organization has its own values. These values set standards according to which every individual in the organization must behave. If these standards are not set, everyone will behave according to their individual values which will disrupt the workplace’s environment. Therefore, it is essential to identify and understand the importance of these values. These values could include honesty, professionalism, teamwork, etc. These values differentiate between the right from wrong, therefore only once we have identified these values, we will be able to resolve organizational ethics issues. (National Defense University, 2006) These values will help us decide whether the issue unethical or not and if the actions of the organization are against the organization’s moral values. In our hypothetical situation, the organization will come together in order to identify its organizational values. The possible values that could be identified would be responsibility, accountability, and professionalism. The organization must realize its responsibility towards the society, be accountable for its actions and lastly be professional in the way they handle the issue at hand. Spreading of pollution by the organizations factories is unethical because it is against its ethical values. Issue resolution This includes compiling everything discussed in the first three steps to come up with a resolution which will resolve the issue. It will include a detailed solution which will cover all the aspects of the ethical issue. This is the most important step in the whole decision making process because this step outlines the complete strategic plan of the organization. After considering the issue, stakeholders and the moral values of the company, the next step is coming up with a resolution. The organization must firstly change its production process so that the pollution it is giving out can be limited. This will require a lot of capital. The Organization at this stage must decide on how this capital will raised. Also, another way of the getting rid of chemical waste that is dumped in rivers must be employed. Next, the organization should ensure that greener products are produced and recycled material should be used for packaging. It should involve the press, so that the community will know about this operation of the organization. Addressing objections The next step in decision making is one of the most difficult to handle as it involves understanding others. This step includes efficiently, powerfully, professionally and competently addressing objections to the decision or the resolution the organization has come up with. There are various groups that might object to this decision. It is the goal of the decision-makers to carefully listen and understand these objections and then addressing to them appropriately. This step is not over until the ones objecting are satisfied with the justification given to them. In our case, one important group that might object to this decision would be the senior executives or the investors who will have to provide for this new project. They might object because the capital required for this new project would be very high and they would want to be satisfied before they invest. These groups need to be assured that this project might cost a lot to the company, but in the long term, it will not only benefit the society but will also benefit the organization itself. Decreasing pollution will improve the brand image of the company which might increase its market share. Plus, in future, when the government will impose laws and taxes on giving out of pollution, the organization will benefit as they will be able to avoid it. They must be given confidence in their investment. Resolution implementation After all the five steps, one very important step is resolution implementation. The decision must be implemented in order for it to be effective. The organization officials can do so by arranging a meeting that will involve everyone working for the organization. Especially, those who are new to the organization must attend these. In this meeting, the resolution must be discussed with everyone in the organization. They must be told the drill and how the organization plans on tackling the situation. At this stage, suggestions from everyone from the organizations would be welcomed as these might help the organization to come up with a better decision. Along with this, the importance of it must be emphasized. It must be made clear that it is important to follow these guidelines at all times, otherwise serious measures will be taken against those who breech it. Finally, workers must be monitored and supervised to know if the ethical standards are being met. At the same times, the effectiveness of the measures introduced must also be checked. The workers could be given feedback on how they are doing keeping up with it, good or bad. They must be appreciated and a reward system must be developed if they manage to follow them. This will motivate them to follow the instructions without supervision in future. An ethics performance evaluation should be developed. This will look at how the organization has behaved. This would enable the organization to examine whether its actions and decisions are consistent with its purpose and moral values. (Miriam Schulman, 2008) Also training must be giving if it is required. Conclusion The new policy will definitely have a positive effect on the organization. It gives a good impression of the organization where ethics and values are of the utmost importance. It gives employees the impression that the organization is serious about meeting ethical standards. This promotes values amongst them. However, on the other hand, it may cause dissent. It could be too hard to follow. This could lead to the workers being discouraged to perform even basic work. The reactions of the employees should be positive but it could be anything depending on the code. After all the discussion, the importance for an organization to meet ethical standards is very clear. Therefore, the organization must do all it takes to meet these standards before they make a decision. During decision making, an organization will greatly benefit if it follows a systematic procedure to develop these ethical standards by following the steps given above.

Oceans and Atmosphere Worksheet Essay

The Oceans 1. What is the composition of seawater? The salinity of seawater ranges from 3.3 to 3.7%. When seawater evaporates it leaves behind sodium chloride, better known as table salt. The other components of seawater are acquired through various methods. One of which is weathering. Chemical weathering of rock releases soluble such as salts of sodium, potassium, and sulfur. 2. What are the three major layers (zones) found in the ocean? Describe each layer briefly. The three layers of the ocean are the surface layer, the thermocline, and the deep zone. The surface layer goes up to 100 meters deep and consists of low density, warm water. In the thermocline temperatures decrease rapidly as it extends to depths of 1500 meters. The deep zone maintains a cold temperature of about -2 degrees Celsius and extends to the ocean floor beyond the thermocline. 3. What is an ocean current? Surface ocean currents are caused by winds. Wind presses on the ocean’s surface and forces the water to move along with it. These currents range from 50 to 100 meters in depth and are contained to the surface layer. Deep ocean currents are caused by several factors including temperature and salinity, which accounts for the water’s density. 4. How do oceans regulate climate? There are several ways in which the oceans regulate the climate. The oceans act as a sink for excess carbon dioxide which helps to regulate the greenhouse effect. Also there is a heat exchange that occurs within the ocean that is extremely important. Water can be heated more efficiently by the sun’s rays rather than land. The sun’s ray’s can penetrate much further into the water. Water has a higher heat capacity than land. Latent heat also plays a role, as water is frozen heat is released and as water in unfrozen heat is absorbed. 5. What causes a change in sea level? The changes in sea level can be contributed to the addition or subtraction of water to the oceans. The additions come from the melting of stored water that come in the form of glaciers and ice caps during times of global warming. Subtraction comes from the removal of water to land based frozen forms during times of global cooling. 6. What causes ocean tides? Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun. The moon being closer has a greater effect on tides. Water on the side of Earth closest to the moon bulges toward the moon. There is also a bulge away from the moon on the opposite side of the Earth. 7. What is the relationship between plate tectonics and the ocean floor—seafloor spreading, for example? 8. What are different ways that earth materials are moved around in the oceans? Surf is a powerful force. It causes erosion and moves sediment from one location to another. Currents are another manner in which materials are transported through the ocean system. There is a longshore current and a beach drift responsible for disturbing and transporting materials. 9. What are the different types of shorelines? Describe each type briefly. There is a rocky coast, lowland beach and barrier island, as well as coral reef. A rocky coast describes the most common type of costal area. This is where there are vertical wave cut cliffs and horizontal bench cut cliffs. The erosion undermines the cliffs and sends the resulting debris into the ocean forming rough outcroppings. Beaches are not only the sand areas on land they extend into the sand in the surf zone. During low tide, sands are sometimes blown onto land creating dunes or barrier islands. A coral reef is formed in an area where temperatures exceed 18 degrees Celsius but do not exceed 30. Also they are formed only at or above sea level. Coral is a limestone reef formed by a colony of organisms which secrete calcium carbonate as their skeletal material. 10. Why do waves change as they approach shorelines? A wave changes as it approaches shore due to the fact that a wave exists not only on the surface but also below water. As a wave approaches shore it comes into contact with the shallow sea floor and this begins to distort the loop shape of the water movement. It causes the wave height to increase while the wavelength shortens. Atmosphere 1. What is the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere? Air is what envelopes the Earth. Air is invisible and typically odorless. Air has two highly viable components that are aerosols and water vapor. Aerosols are liquid and solid particles so small that they remain suspended. Water vapor in air is expressed in terms of humidity. When ignoring aerosol and water vapor these gasses, termed dry air, are present and known as nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. There are more gases that make up a very minute portion of the atmosphere but play a vital role known as carbon dioxide, neon, and six others. 2. What are the four major layers of the Earth’s atmosphere? Describe each layer briefly. There is the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, and the Thermosphere. The Troposphere contains 80% of all actual mass of the atmosphere. It is also the layer where all weather phenomenon take place. Most all heat absorbing gases reside here. The Stratosphere contains 19% of all atmospheres mass. The Mesosphere and Thermosphere together contain only 1% of the atmospheric mass. The thermosphere absorbs short ultraviolet wavelengths. The Mesosphere absorbs medium wavelengths. The Stratosphere absorbs long wavelengths. 3. What is the greenhouse effect? The greenhouse effect is how the Earth’s surface is heated. Greenhouse gasses such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb some of the outgoing infrared terrestrial radiation and prevent it from escaping. 4. How would you describe the ozone layer? Why is the ozone layer important? The ozone layer is a protective area in the outer three layers of the  atmosphere that protect the earth from harmful radiation by blocking particular wavelengths. 5. What is the relationship among the Earth’s atmosphere, the sun, and the rotation of the Earth? The sun heats the Earth’s atmosphere and makes it a habitable planet. The earth is a sphere so the sun cannot warm every place on earth at once. This issue is solved by the earth’s rotation and its rotation around the Sun. 6. What is the Coriolis effect? The Coriolis effect causes anything that moves freely with respect to the rotating earth to veer off a straight path. This can be demonstrated through long range missile launches that have been known to land far from their intended targets due to the earth’s rotation. 7. How would you define climate? Climate is an average of weather patterns over a long period of time, generally on a regional or global scale. 8. How does the atmosphere regulate climate? Atmosphere regulates climate through weather patterns created through the greenhouse effect. This process creates heat within water vapors and other gasses that are the main contributing factors in weather. Also the filtration of wavelengths by the upper atmospheres keeps the earth’s climate at a more even temperature. 9. What are the six global climate zones? What are the main climate effects on people and the environment? The six climate zones are tropical, dry, temperate-humid, cold-humid, polar, and highland. Each zone is driven by solar energy which drives temperature, seasonality, precipitation which in turn fosters vegetation, . These factors make a zone habitable or non habitable. 10. How do the oceans and the atmosphere interact? The oceans provide a great deal of moisture for the atmosphere. This moisture is a main component in heat exchange which leads to weather patterns. Water is in constant motion and plays a vital roles in the regulation of the atmosphere.

To Make it in Journalism, Students Must Have a News Sense

To Make it in Journalism, Students Must Have a News Sense Usually, its a disturbing development when you start hearing voices inside your head. For journalists, the ability to not only hear but also heed such voices is a must. What am I talking about? Reporters must cultivate whats called a news sense or a nose for news, an instinctive feel for what constitutes a big story. For an experienced reporter, the news sense often manifests itself as a voice screaming inside his head whenever a big story breaks. This is important, the voice shouts. You need to move fast. I bring this up because developing a feel for what constitutes a big story is something many of my journalism students struggle with. How do I know this? Because I regularly give my students newswriting exercises in which there is typically an element, buried somewhere near the bottom, that makes an otherwise run-of-the-mill story page-one material. One example: In an exercise about a two-car collision, its mentioned in passing that the son of the local mayor was killed in the crash. For anyone whos spent more than five minutes in the news business, such a development would set alarm bells ringing. Yet many of my students seem immune to this compelling angle. They dutifully write up the piece with the death of the mayors son buried at the bottom of their story, exactly where it was in the original exercise. When I point out later that theyve whiffed - big-time - on the story, they often seem mystified. I have a theory about why so many j-school students today lack a news sense. I believe its because so few of them follow the news to begin with. Again, this is something Ive learned from experience. At the start of every semester I ask my students how many of them read a newspaper or news website everyday. Typically, only a third of the hands might go up, if that. (My next question is this: Why are you in a journalism class if you arent interested in the news?) Given that so few students read the news, I suppose its not surprising that so few have a nose for news. But such a sense is absolutely critical for anyone hoping to build a career in this business. Now, you can drill the factors that make something newsworthy into students - impact, loss of life, consequences and so on. Every semester I have my students read the relevant chapter in Melvin Menchers textbook, then quiz them on it. But at some point the development of a news sense must go beyond rote learning and be absorbed into a reporters body and soul. It must be instinctive, part of a journalists very being. But that wont happen if a student isnt excited about the news, because a news sense is really all about the adrenaline rush that anyone whos ever covered a big story knows so well. Its the feeling one MUST have if he or she is to be even a good reporter, much less a great one. In his memoir Growing Up, former New York Times writer Russell Baker recalls the time he and Scotty Reston, another legendary Times reporter, were leaving the newsroom to head out for lunch. Upon exiting the building they heard the wail of sirens up the street. Reston by then was already getting on in years, yet upon hearing the noise he was, Baker recalls, like a cub reporter in his teens, racing to the scene to see what was happening. Baker, on the other hand, realized that the sound didnt stir anything in him. At that moment he understood that his days as a breaking-news reporter were done. You wont make it as reporter if you dont develop a nose for news, if you dont hear that voice yelling inside your head. And that wont happen if youre not excited about the work itself.

Essay about Maths Assignment task 1

Essay about Maths Assignment task 1 Essay about Maths Assignment task 1 Table of Boys Randomly Selected BOY NUMBER RANDOM NUMBER X 200 ROUNDED UP NUMBER AGE (YRS) HEIGHT (CM) WEIGHT (KG) 1 9.1 9 9 138 47.9 2 11.3 11 14 179 56.46 3 21.4 21 12 135 47.28 4 31.8 32 10 137 47.69 5 39.9 40 11 114 42.89 6 45.8 46 9 138 49.9 7 57.1 57 12 163 53.12 8 65.5 66 14 174 55.42 9 78.6 79 9 146 49.57 10 86.1 86 16 170 54.58 11 97.9 98 16 183 57.3 12 110.2 110 14 155 51.45 13 123.2 123 10 140 48.32 14 136.8 137 12 156 51.66 15 162.3 162 13 145 49.36 16 163.4 163 13 169 54.37 17 163.9 164 11 152 50.83 18 177.6 178 15 175 55.63 19 179.9 180 15 175 55.63 20 188.6 189 15 184 57.51 MEAN = 3, 014 20 = 150.7 MEDIAN = 155 + 156 2 = 155.5 (114,138,135,137,138,140,145,146,155,156,152,163,169,170,174,175,175,179,183,184) The results are similar so it is understood that the calculations are correct. Table of girls randomly selected GIRL NUMBER RANDOM NUMBER X 200 ROUNDED UP NUMBER AGE (YRS) HEIGHT (CM) WEIGHT (KG) 1 7.9 8 11 154 51.24 2 17.3 17 11 146 49.57 3 26.4 27 12 150 50.41 4 38.1 38 12 160 52.5 5 67 67 13 162 52.91 6 68.2 68 13 151 50.62 7 74.7 74 13 162 52.91 8 81.9 82 12 160 52.5 9 82.8 82 12 154 51.24 10 95 95 11 154 51.24 11 107.3 107 9 152 50.83 12 112.1 112 15 156 51.66 13 149.7 150 11 158 52.08 14 154.6 154 15 159 52.29 15 156 156 10 133 46.86 16 168.4 168 12 139 48.11 17 173.4 173 12 162 52.91 18 183 183 12 156 51.66 19 193.4 193 14 165 53.54 20 199.1 199 13 155 51.45 MEAN = 3,088 20 = 154.4 MEDIAN = 155 + 156 2 = 155.5 (133,139,146,150,151,152,154,154,154,155,156,156,158,159,160,160,162,162,162,165) The results are similar so it is understood that the calculations are correct. MATHS ASSIGNMENT TASK 1 STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION hypothesis I am hoping to find that boys are taller than girls. Plan I will ensure that my plan and chosen sampling method is satisfactory wth my maths tutor. I will collect a fair sample of 20 boys and 20 girls. In order for the sample to be unbiased, I will use random sampling to generate random numbers from 1 to 200. I will not use the same child twice, nor with incomplete data. I will then use the sample to calculate the average height of boys and girls to test my hypothesis. Sampling method – random sampling I wll use a calculator to generate random numbers by doing the following: press shift Ran # to generate a number. Press = to continually obtain further random numbers. Numbers from 1-200 are required, so I will use the following: Press shift Ran # multiplied by 200. I will then round each number up or down accordinally to produce a whole number. That is then the number of the child whose data I will highlight and use. Calculations by being able to find the average height of boys and girls I am able to find 1 figure that represents the boys and 1 figure that represents the girls. By doing this it will allow me to compare the heights effectively. The method I will use to find the average (mean) height of both boys and girls is: mean for boys = total number of heights (boys) number of boys = cm to 1 decimal place mean for girls = total number of heights (girls) number of girls = cm to 1 decimal place in order to check that I have the correct methods of calculations I will use another type of average to check the mean calculations. Median is the middle value when all of the heights are arranged in order of sze. The mean and median averages are similar so I will assume that my calcualtions are correct. For example if the middle numbers are 151 and 152 then the formula used is: 151 / 152 = median = 151 + 152

Review of Sylvia Plaths Novel The Bell Jar

Review of Sylvia Plath's Novel 'The Bell Jar' Written in the early 1960s, and Sylvia Plaths only full-length prose work, The Bell Jar is an autobiographical novel that relates the childhood longings and descent into madness of Plaths alter-ego, Esther Greenwood. Plath was so concerned about the closeness of her novel to her life that she published it under a pseudonym, Victoria Lucas (just as in the novel Esther plans to publish a novel of her life under a different name). It only appeared under Plaths real name in 1966, three years after she committed suicide. Plot The story relates a year in the life of Esther Greenwood, who seems to have a rosy future in front of her. Having won a competition to guest edit a magazine, she travels to New York. She worries about the fact that she is still a virgin and her encounters with men in New York go badly awry. Esthers time in the city heralds the start of a mental breakdown as she slowly loses interest in all the hopes and dreams. Dropping out of college and staying listlessly at home, her parents decide that something is wrong and take her to a psychiatrist, who refers her to a unit that specializes in shock therapy. Esthers condition spirals even further downwards due to inhumane treatment in the hospital. She finally decides to commit suicide. Her attempt fails, and a rich older lady who was a fan of Esthers writing agrees to pay for treatment in a center that does not believe in shock therapy as a method for treating the ill. Esther slowly starts her road to recovery, but a friend she has made at the hospital isnt so lucky. Joan, a lesbian who had, unbeknownst to Esther, fallen in love with her, commits suicide after her release from the hospital. Esther decides to take control of her life and is once more determined to go to college. However, she knows that the dangerous illness that put her life at risk could strike again at any time. Themes Perhaps the single greatest achievement of Plaths novel is its outright commitment to truthfulness. Despite the fact that the novel has all the power and control of Plaths best poetry, it does not skew or transform her experiences in order to make her illness more or less dramatic. The Bell Jar takes the reader inside the experience of severe mental illness like very few books before or since. When Esther considers suicide, she looks into the mirror and manages to see herself as a completely separate person. She feels disconnected from the world and from herself. Plath refers to these feelings as being trapped inside the bell jar as a symbol for her feelings of alienation. The feeling becomes so strong at one point that she stops functioning, at one point she even refuses to bathe. The bell jar also steals away her happiness. Plath is very careful not to see her illness as the manifestation of outside events. If anything, her dissatisfaction with her life is a manifestation of her illness. Equally, the end of the novel does not pose any easy answers. Esther understands that she is not cured. In fact, she realizes that she might never be cured  and that she must always be vigilant against the danger that lies within her own mind. This danger befell Sylvia Plath, not very long after The Bell Jar was published. Plath committed suicide in her home in England. A Critical Study The prose which Plath uses in  The Bell Jar does not quite reach the poetic heights of her poetry, particularly her supreme collection Ariel, in which she investigates similar themes. However, this does not mean the novel is not without its own merits. Plath managed to instill a sense of powerful honesty and brevity of expression which anchors the novel to real life. When she chooses literary images to express her themes she cements these images in everyday life. For example, the book opens with an image of the Rosenbergs who were executed by electrocution, an image that is repeated when Esther receives electro-shock treatment. Really, The Bell Jar is a  stunning portrayal of a particular time in a persons life and a brave attempt by Sylvia Plath to face her own demons. The novel will be read for generations to come.

Diffusion in aluminium alloys, Hot deformation (rolling) of aluminium Dissertation

Diffusion in aluminium alloys, Hot deformation (rolling) of aluminium alloys and its dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallisation - Dissertation Example The activation energy and diffusion constants are calculated using a variety of factors like the solid solubility, alloying content and the state of the matrix microstructure in terms of grain boundary size, dislocation density and vacancy concentration [PAPM]. The mean distance travelled by the atom during diffusion in turn is dependent on the rate of diffusion D as follows: L = (Dt)? Where L = the mean distance travelled by the atom. t = time (s) All atoms above absolute zero (-273oC) vibrate and the frequency of vibrations acts as the driving force for the movement of the atoms or for their diffusion. The frequency of vibration and diffusion increases with the rise in temperature. However, for atoms to be able to move from one lattice point to the other, the atoms need to overcome the activation energy. This activation energy is low around the metal surface and at the grain boundaries, and this is the reason for the high concentration of the precipitating solute at the grain bound aries. ... Also, temperature has a greater effect on the diffusion distance compared to time as increasing the temperature increases both the number of vacancies in a metal as well as the energy of the diffusing atoms (Wolverton, 2007). Thus, in an increased temperature, atoms are able to diffuse faster and farther. The rate of diffusion differs for atoms of different alloys and hence the reduction of micro-segregation with homogenization differs for different alloys due to the difference in their compositions. As seen from the diffusion equations presented above, the distance that atoms need to travel (which depends on the dendrite arm spacing, the relative abundance of atoms) impact on the time and temperature needed to attain the desired level of diffusion for reduction of micro-segregation. Figure1: Relative homogenization times for given dendrite cell sizes and temperatures in common aluminum alloys. (Source: Chakrabarti, 2001) According to Verlinden et al [1990] found that the dissolution of theta and S particles in an as-cast 2024 billet during a homogenization at 460oC was not possible even after 24 hours. The volume fraction was found to decrease with time but with an associated coarsening of the remaining S and theta particles resulting in coarser particles than when in the as-cast condition. A homogenization temperature of 500oC was found to completely eliminate both the S and theta particles. Due to the distances that diffusing solute atoms travel during practical homogenization treatments, these treatments are effective at removing microsegregation effects but may have little impact on macrosegregation. 2.2 Theory related to Hot Deformation Hot rolling is the

Assessing International Business Opportunities and Risk with reference Case Study

Assessing International Business Opportunities and Risk with reference to KFCs operations in India - Case Study Example Social Factors influencing the decision: Primarily India is religious country where people believe in tradition and religion. Also by nature a majority of the people are vegetarians who have the habit of eating an occasional snack of non vegetarian food. Hence the entry of a Multi national company into India just to supply chicken infuriated them, also the methods used to kill the chicken were thought of as cruel by Animal Protection activists like PETA. Many popular people who support vegetarianism like Anoushka Shankar, daughter of popular sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar, John Abraham, A movie star, Raveena Tandon, Model and movie star etc. The social conditions in India actually are loaded in favor of KFC, what was lacking is the social setting which is totally against them initially. This is due to KFC’s inability to adapt to the cultural settings of Asian countries like India. Technological factors: Traditionally Indians prefer food made at home or in the traditional setting with a minimum of technology. So when KFC came into with all its international name and latest equipment then it is bound to disappoint any traditional India. Moreover Indian food is served hot and never preserved. They believe that food stored for periods will lose its nutritious values. So when KFC started to use a flavor enhancing agent PETA started agitations against that. The moral of the story is that technology in it self is not the bane. The application of which has to be limited in certain contexts and placed like cooking in India Result: Not in favor of KFC. Environmental factors: If there is one thing that lured KFC to India it is the changing entire Asian markets are opening up and India is cornering all the glory in this context. Because of the globalization the environment is fast changing In India and this is a huge plus for KFC

Political science 5030 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political science 5030 - Term Paper Example In midst of this, all stock prices also began to drop. Finally, On October 24, 1929, the stock market crashed burst, as investors began dumping shares. When 16 million shares finally possessed no value, the dark era of the Great Depression started. The Great Depression was a turning point for America to find its true identity. Social and economic change was not only necessary but vital towards the success of America itself. While recession continued to haunt countries worldwide, the progressive movement and the new deal established a solid ground for fundamental change. The progressive movement represented a logical evolution from the Progressive Era because it introduced new programs, embedded reform and paved the way for greatness for the nation as outlined by the Progressive Era. The progressive movement and the new deal in essence were similar in many ways. First and foremost was the fact that it halted the progress of rebellion that was about to up heal during the industrial era. The progressive movement introduced new economic programs. The effort to improve society was a major push that was new to the nation as key issues such as reforming working conditions and assisting the mentally ill people challenged the whole notion of old traditions. Progressivism at its best aimed to remove corruption by imposing child labor laws, addressing lynching based on racism, and removing politicians that were involved in illegal business practices. At the local level, progressivism continued to display brilliant signs of reform as the construction of schools was pushed, political machines were dissolved, and politics was addressed in an efficient manner. Similarly, the New Deal, was a focal point of domestic reform. Roosevelt’s New Deal was considered of two phas es that were planned to recovery and relief. These were crucial towards the toad to recovery. The first phase concentrated on

Parti5-comments2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parti5-comments2 - Essay Example A good cause and effect essay should move beyond establishing what the two parts are, and should also make an argument for why the cause and effect are directly related. The purpose of a cause and effect essay is to make an argument, not just to describe a process. The writer should prove the relationship of the cause and effect, and therefore have a thesis in the essay. The writer can’t just tell the reader the focus of the essay, because having a focus or purpose that is solely to explain a cause and effect will leave the reader disinterested. Overall, asking questions about the cause and effect process is a good way to develop the essay, but answering those questions persuasively is even more important. The reader dos not just want to know the reason why the effect happened is because of the cause, but also if there are alternative causes or alternative effects that may disprove the usual idea of any cause and effect. The essay should not just analyze or inform, but should convey an argument and prove to the reader that the cause and effect are

Answer this question in 2 pages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer this question in 2 pages - Essay Example The further ability of the legal system to attempt to correct inequalities and illegalities that are exhibited within such a system are also severely constrained; as ultimately it is the employer that holds all the power to dismiss and fire an employee based on no reason given. Interestingly, there has been a great deal of study into the impacts of the â€Å"at-will† doctrine on the firing process and how this negatively or positively promotes the interests of the organization. However, there has been relatively little research done as to how this impacts upon the employee and whether or not they choose a specific company or region in which to work. Ultimately, it is the view of this student that the â€Å"at-will† doctrine, in application, provides for a decreased sense of employee security; and likely encourages them to look for other more secure opportunities elsewhere. Has this doctrine been eroded over the last 30 years or so years and if so, what has caused the erosion? The doctrine has ultimately been a road partially abuse is so here’s the reason for this has to do with the litigation and societal understanding that individual employers are attempting to game to sit benefiting from it. However, as more and more stringent legal controls have been established and the â€Å"at will† doctrine has been adopted by more and more states, the ultimate situation which is been affected is one in which the utility options available. Essentially, business has attempted to move towards states that represent the â€Å"at– will† doctrine; in the hopes that this will be able to maximize the overall level of profitability and success that they might otherwise achieved elsewhere. As a result of this dynamic shift, firms are of course interested in seeking to promote profitability; leveraging loopholes in the legal framework and interpretation of employment law as a means of promoting their own interest. Necessarily illegal or wrong, it h as had a

Long-Term Stability of Clay Slopes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Long-Term Stability of Clay Slopes - Essay Example In order to describe "the long term stability of clay slopes", this paper will look at factors that make slopes become unstable overtime; the measurement of the instability; impact of long-term stability; and the prevention of instability of clay slopes. To begin with, long term stability of clay slopes is influenced by several causes which as are embedded in two major factors. These main factors, according to Price (1984) and Ritter (1986, p 121) are shear stress and shear strength. Shear stress refers to the forces that cause movement of materials down slope while shear strength is the force that resists materials from moving down the slope. These forces oppose each other in the sense that, while shear stress wants movement of material to commence, shears strength refuses. This means that movement will only occur when shear stress exceeds shear strength. Otherwise, like Sparks (1964, p 56) puts it, in uniform material, shear stress and shear strength may remain comparatively uniform. It is worth noting that shear stress has several intricate components that make it provoke movement of material down slope. Ritter (1986, p 121) outlines material internal friction characteristics; material normal stress and material normal cohesion as factors that determine stability of shear stress. Any drop or increase in these factors may alter shear stress. Internal friction is further broken down into plane friction (produced when one grain of soil slides past another) and interlocking friction (which originates when particles are required to move upwards and over one another. Secondly, Ritter (1986, p.122) further states that effective normal stress has the capacity to hold the material together, thereby increasing internal resistance to shear. It acts perpendicular to a shear surface and is absorbed by the underlying slab at the point of contact between grains. It should also be noted that some of the shear surface is usually occupied by openings which are filled with air or water. And since pore pressure exists in these interstitial spaces, it tends to support part of the normal stress. Thirdly, Ritter (1986, p.123) further states that clay soils have cohesion, which comes as a result of ions and water by clay minerals, thereby creating a binding structure among particles. Unfortunately though, cohesion decreases with increased water acquisition in the soil material. Clay cohesive strength very much depends on attractive forces between the particles and the lubricating action of the interstitial liquid. The more the clay acquires water, the more the slope becomes unstable. However, it should be noted that the rate at which the slope gains more water and the water drains away determines the time the slope should become unstable. For example, fast gaining and slow draining of water on a particular slope will make the slope fail very fast. On the other hand, slow gaining and fast draining of water will make the slope remain stable for some time. Where clay soils remains in an undisturbed normal cohesive strength, long-term slope stability will be evident. Sparks (1964, p 57) agrees with the above statement and adds that cohesive strength increases with depth thereby exceeding shear stress, hence surface mantle (slope material) is the one to be more unstable. As more water is added , cohesion decreases and when all pores are filled, any further input of water results in complete

Answer this question in 2 pages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer this question in 2 pages - Essay Example The further ability of the legal system to attempt to correct inequalities and illegalities that are exhibited within such a system are also severely constrained; as ultimately it is the employer that holds all the power to dismiss and fire an employee based on no reason given. Interestingly, there has been a great deal of study into the impacts of the â€Å"at-will† doctrine on the firing process and how this negatively or positively promotes the interests of the organization. However, there has been relatively little research done as to how this impacts upon the employee and whether or not they choose a specific company or region in which to work. Ultimately, it is the view of this student that the â€Å"at-will† doctrine, in application, provides for a decreased sense of employee security; and likely encourages them to look for other more secure opportunities elsewhere. Has this doctrine been eroded over the last 30 years or so years and if so, what has caused the erosion? The doctrine has ultimately been a road partially abuse is so here’s the reason for this has to do with the litigation and societal understanding that individual employers are attempting to game to sit benefiting from it. However, as more and more stringent legal controls have been established and the â€Å"at will† doctrine has been adopted by more and more states, the ultimate situation which is been affected is one in which the utility options available. Essentially, business has attempted to move towards states that represent the â€Å"at– will† doctrine; in the hopes that this will be able to maximize the overall level of profitability and success that they might otherwise achieved elsewhere. As a result of this dynamic shift, firms are of course interested in seeking to promote profitability; leveraging loopholes in the legal framework and interpretation of employment law as a means of promoting their own interest. Necessarily illegal or wrong, it h as had a

ICE immigration reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ICE immigration reform - Essay Example The purpose of this essay is to discuss the effective progress that the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) have done to ensure tight security within the nation. ICE has fruitfully implemented various major reforms and agendas that have ensured improvement of public security. Primarily, ICE works under two operational bodies: Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) and the Homeland Security Investigation (HIS). The main function of the ERO is to enforce U.S. immigration rules and regulations in a prioritized, fair, and effective approach (Camayd-Freixas, 2013). This agency arrests and detains aliens who have illegally migrated into U.S. under ICE guidance (Hayes, 2012). On the other hand, HIS’s main role is to carry out investigations concerning homeland and abroad criminal cases arising from the illicit migration of people and goods within and across U.S. borders. Since 2009, ICE has centered its resources on the detention, app rehension, and deportation of aliens who fall within its enforcement priorities. Because of this focus, ICE has prioritized deportation of immigrants who pose a national security danger or public safety risk, for example, terrorists. It also deports aliens who are against immigration laws, and illegal entrants. Through these efforts, ICE has witnessed effective success in enforcing immigration rules and regulations, and has ensured public security in U.S. For instance, in the year 2012, the Enforcement and Removal Operations removed 409,849 aliens. Out of these, 55% had criminal cases. Moreover, the ICE agency continues with its progress in removing illegal aliens from the country (Higley Nieuwenhuysen & Neerup, 2011). Prioritizing current boundary Crossers ICE’s current immigration enforcement progress is because of significant and smart priorities enforcement. For the purpose of ensuring security at the country’s boundaries, and at the same time managing inadequate r esources, ICE ensure removal and identification of current aliens and carries out focused enforcement acts with the Customs and Border Protection (CBP). This partnership with CBP is vital to DHS’s enforcement progress. Out of FY 2012 (240,363) removals, half of them were border immigrants. Additionally, the number of immigrants referred to ICE by CBP recent represents 44% the number of aliens in ICE detention on daily basis (Higley Nieuwenhuysen & Neerup, 2011). Detention and Removal ICE Detention- After aliens enters the ICE detention; the immigrants get admission, photographed, fingerprinted, and within half a day, each individual gets first health screening. This follows a comprehensive health evaluation, such as completion of documented medical history and physical assessment. ERO assists in carrying out this assessment through an immigration court order and organizes their journey from the country with aid of travel documents. DHS and Department of Justice unions, togeth er with the ICE cautiously controls the custody population in the southern border ensuring that it can deal with the substantial amendments in operational requirements that can take place in the county. Effectively, ICE has strengthened its efforts to significantly, respond to these substantial changes ensuring that it has the correct infrastructure, and

The Importance Of Coaching Management Essay

The Importance Of Coaching Management Essay This chapter will include recommendations following the analysis and findings of the last chapter. Suggestions about the coaching function of PMS will be further elaborated so as to help the organisation. A conclusion will also be included so as to sum up this study. Importance of coaching First of all, it is crucial that all the employees of the organisation are provided with the opportunity to learn more about coaching. Even though the majority of employees and managers opted for the definition of coaching as per Parlsoe (1999), we can still notice that a few seem to define coaching as counseling or others. Therefore, they should be sensitised. This can happen through focus group or creating more awareness about the function of the PMS. Managers should especially have an in-depth knowledge about coaching as they would be the one to coach other employees. Also, coaching should not be imposed on employees as this may create negative feelings and they might not appreciate it when they are being coached. Instead, they should be given the chance to know more about the benefits of coaching. Coaching Process Without a proper process, coaching cannot be fully exploited and thus would not bring the expected result which is to improve performance. A coaching process is used to guide both the coach and coachee during the coaching process. Each stage is important as it allows a good flow if information in both directions and allows both the coach and the coachee to determine whether coaching is bringing in results. In this context, the establishment of a coaching process is essential. HR can in collaboration with the managers devise a most appropriate coaching process which could be used. This process will include well designed stages that managers would have to follow while coaching. Coaching Culture As pointed out in the previous chapter, the coaching culture of the organisation is at the tactical stage (Megginson and Clutterbuck, 2006). From the findings, it is clear that organisation is aware of the importance of setting a coaching culture but however, the level of understanding of what would be involved remains low. For coaching to be embedded in an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture, just recognising its importance is not enough. Everybody has to play their respective roles. For instance, the HR professionals are at the best position to develop strategies for coaching to occur and also aligning it with the objectives of the organisation. Therefore the intervention of HR is essential. They could set up the structure for coaching to take place. Additionally since coaching requires a 360 feedback, HR could work in this direction to enable such process to run smoothly. But the intervention of HR only is also not sufficient; the participation of top management is required. Leaders and managers need to embrace coaching. They should be the one to build coaching accountability. Furthermore, the participation of employees is mainly required. Employees should recognise the importance of coaching of a coaching process as well as accept it. Employees should be willing to be coached. Training Managers It is vital that managers are trained so that the can be good coaches. From the findings, it is seen that 40 % of managers do not even agree that coaching form part of their duty. As such, it should be made clear to the managers whether they need to coach their subordinates or not. These managers should be more exposed to coaching and its benefits. By understanding more about coaching, the managers would have a clear view of what is required on from them. When a manager engages himself to coach, he needs to be clear about the procedure to be undertaken. He ought to follow certain well defined and meaningful stages of coaching. Besides, managers can be trained to be coaches. In this context, the help of external coaches could be required. During the training sessions, they would increase their knowledge about coaching and know more about all the aspects of coaching. Moreover, the managers would learn how to tackle each stage of the coaching process. They should also be empowered with particular coaching models and techniques that they would be able to use to coach their subordinates. However, coaching is not only about processes and models or techniques. There are certain soft skills that coaches need to acquire to be able to coach. These skills would help them to better communicate with their coachees. It should also be noted that managers should adopt certain roles while coaching. 83.3% of managers agree that they do not adopt any role while coaching and this may hinder coaching. Managers need to be acquainted with the roles of facilitator, assessor, supporter and advisor as this would highly be beneficia l for them. Alongside, while adopting these roles, managers may better communicate with their subordinates. If a manager is only following a certain process without engaging himself, the results may not be as expected. As a coach, a manager additionally needs to build a relationship of trust with his coachee. As stated by Ulrich (2008), coaching is a relationship ultimately. Therefore, there should be a two-way communication which would allow a good flow of information. This information would in turn be helpful in knowing the following. Where the employee stands for the time being? What are the areas where the employee needs to improve? Is coaching being helpful and the right approach? Whether the employee wants to improve? What are the actions to be taken to improve performance? Coaching style As seen in the analysis chapter, even though a PMS is implemented, coaching is not being carried out at all the levels. Some employees state that they are not being coached. Additionally, the question raised to know more about the coaching culture of the organisation brought mainly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as answers. This shows that there is not really a coaching culture at the CEB. In an organisation, where coaching culture is at such a stage, there need a lot of improvement to reach a point where coaching occurs naturally. In this context, am appropriate coaching style should be adopted. When we talk about inexperienced individuals, a hands-on style is best suited. But if we are talking about highly experienced individuals, a hands-off style is more appropriate. But since we noticed that managers have not totally acquired the skills needed to coach, they first of all need to enhance their skills and find a coaching style which is appropriate for them to deliver coach ing. Summary This chapter concludes all the recommendations. There are certain areas that need particular attention for coaching to take place and to be carried out well. Finally, we can say that for coaching to be successful and consequently bring in positive results, the contribution of each and everyone in the organisation is vital. 6.0 Conclusion In the light of the above, we can deduce that coaching can have a significant impact on employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance. Literature shows that coaching should be carried out in a certain way and includes a process which is constituted of several stages. Organisation can benefit from coaching when the organisational culture fosters coaching and when managers are good coaches. In the analysis and findings, we saw that coaching is being carried out partially at the organisation. A certain percentage of employees firmly state that they are not being coached but also say that coaching can improve their performance. This indicates that employees are aware that coaching can help in improving their performance. Also, some managers who coach their subordinates mentioned that they did not adopt any role while coaching other employees. Furthermore, a number of managers also said that they did not make use of the soft skills needed to coach. This point to the fact that they are not totally prepared to be good coaches. Nonetheless, they agree that these skills should be developed so that they can play their role of coaches. Recommendations were then made following the findings. The main points included in the recommendations were, the importance of coaching and raising awareness among employees. Also, more awareness should be raised about the coaching process, the coaching culture, coaching style and training of managers. This research enabled us to know how coaching was being carried out at the CEB and where should the organisation focus even more to be able to use coaching as a tool to improve performance.

mental disorder Essay -- essays research papers fc

The definition of the concept of a â€Å"mental disorder,† is fundamental to the mental health field and has been an important yet controversial issue in psychology. To properly assess, treat, and even prevent mental disorders, psychologists must initially develop a clear understanding of the term. Labeling a person’s behavior as a mental disorder can affect the way they are viewed by others and the way in which they view themselves. Thus, it is important to achieve a good measure of what constitutes a mental disorder so that they are accurately diagnosed and treated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is a mental disorder? Currently, there are four criteria that are used to determine whether a person has a mental disorder. First, maladaptiveness of behavior refers to behavior of the individual that does not promote the well being of another individual or social group. Next, deviation from social norms is concerned with behavior straying from the standards that have been set by a particular society. Third, deviation from statistical norms refers to any type of behavior that is statistically rare and therefore unusual (Smith). However, according to this definition, a person who is extremely intelligent would be classified as abnormal. Thus we must consider yet another possibility. The fourth criterion considers mental disorder in terms of the individual’s personal distress rather than his or her behavior. This explanation is based on bizarreness, discomfort, and inefficiency. Whil...

Essay --

The Roman orator once stated, â€Å"Outside of my home is where my life is made† or in the Roman language he said, â€Å"Ex mei domus est ubi mei vita factavest†. He understood that most of our lives take place other than inside our homes. Also, it is important for people to enjoy the natural environment for several reasons. First of all, around the world lumberjacks are cutting down trees to make room for houses, office buildings, movie theatres, malls, and much more. The company who has told these lumberjacks to do this hideous deed does not know that by carrying out this action, the company and its employees are taking away millions of animal habitats. It varies from the Bobcat to the Grey Squirrel and animals like humans need shelter, food, and water to survive but without it, they die. People being able spend time in the outdoors will see what mankind is doing to these innocent little animals and might consider not to demand things that might hurt someone else. They will soon appreciate the natural environment and what Mother Nature has to give to the world. Another reason is that the p...

Architect: Analyzing Southwest Airlines Essay

Company’s Strategy: Southwest’s strategy is to improve efficiency in its operations and pass cost saving to its customers by offering them low and competitive prices. Southwest Airlines is dedicated to providing the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and company Spirit. Analyze each key element of the company separately based on the congruence Model Organization Structure (Formal Structure): The organization of Southwest Airlines is best described as an upside-down pyramid – an organization very much in line with the way they want to do business. The upper management is at the bottom and supports the front line employees, who are the experts. Front line employees play a major role in the yearly business planning and operational budgeting which for a great part is done bottom-up rather than top-down. This is the fruit of co-founder Herb Kelleher’s unorthodox leadership style, in which management decisions are made by everyone in the organization, not just the head executives. The company does not put much emphasis on structure instead, employees are encouraged to think freely without constraints such as titles or official mandates. Culture (Informal Structure): The development improvement and refinement of originality, individuality and identity and personality of a given people. This is how southwest airlines define its culture. Southwest Airlines was built on their unique culture, continuously tout it and have dedicated a position to constantly communicating it. Southwest executives are clear on who they are and who would be a good fit to â€Å"live the Southwest way.† Three components include having a †¢ Warrior spirit: Work hard, want to be the best, be courageous, display a sense of urgency, persevere and innovate. †¢ Servant’s heart: Follow the golden rule, put others first, demonstrate proactive customer service and embrace the Southwest family. †¢ Fun-loving attitude: Don’t take yourself too seriously, maintain perspective, celebrate successes, enjoy work and be a passionate team player. Work (Task) – Airline Operations. Requires skilled workforce and much emphasis is placed on customers relation and to providing quality service. To work for Southwest one must follow a vision that is customer service oriented and therefore, pleasant in demeanor and family friendly. Southwest has a special loyalty and commitment to its employees. Southwest had the lowest turnaround time for its aircrafts for a long period of time. To accomplish the difficult task, workers performed many tasks, including loading and unloading luggage, emptying wastes, taking packages and helping passengers, or they were trained to do a lot of multitasking. People – One of the many things good about Southwest Airlines is that the kinds of people who are heroes of the organization are people who care and go out of their way to help the customers. They’re the ones who are celebrated and held up as shining examples. Additionally, high levels of satisfaction among employees can be attributed to Southwest employee policy. Happy employees can provide high quality service and bring more customers back. To reinforce the culture of hard work, high-energy, fun, local autonomy, and creativity, the company provided continuous education program to employees. If you can help someone out or brighten someone’s day, be it a co-worker or a passenger, you’re doing your job well. Analyze how these elements interact with each other. 1. Work and People: The workers in the company are recruited through a process where the right people are chooses for the right job and emphasis is placed on attitude. Also emphasis is placed on people who can do anything to get a particular task done. Coordination and cooperation is always emphasized and people who were can multitask and go out of their way to help customers or complete a task are treated as heroes. 2. Work and Structure: The structure places emphasis on people and the work they do. Management decisions are made by taking into consideration the ideas and suggestions from the front line. The front line of the company is involved in the entire decision making done in the company. Since the worker bee is central to all decision making in Southwest, it gives the employees in the organization authority to make changes to the structure for the maximum benefit of the organization. This leads to higher congruence between work and structure. 3. Structure and People: The organization structure allows the people to work effectively and take responsibility. Job responsibilities are not strictly defined. The structure provides for people to do anything and everything to get a task done. For example, the pilots helped clean a plane when all hands were required to turnaround a flight quickly. 4. People and Culture: The culture of southwest airlines is people centric. Employees are celebrated and made heroes if employees go out of their way to help customers or co-workers. The culture supports the people and nurtures them to think of the company as an extension of themselves and care and support other member of the company. 5. Culture and Work: The culture of the company is reflected in the work performed by the employees. In one scenario where a rival airline resolves to slash pricing (to half the price of what southwest was charging) so that it can put southwest out of business, but southwest comes up with a unique idea. Instead of reducing the price they provided customers with free liquor and the customers liked it. This shows high congruence between the culture and work because unique ideas come when employees think freely and are also willing to work to make these ideas successful. 6. Structure and Culture: Yes. The formal structure the organization is divided into various departments based on functions (that work cohesively) and the informal structure provides for communication to flow freely amongst various departments. The informal structure also encourages to make changes to the formal structure if required because the decision making process flows from the bottom instead of the top. Conclusion: Southwest Airlines is effectively able to fit together the four key components of performance, tasks, people, structure, and culture. These elements worked together in unison and produced an organization-wide system that functions efficiently and effectively.

Waste Water Treatment Processes Environmental Sciences Essay

Meaning OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT: Domestic effluent intervention or sewerage intervention, is the procedure of taking contaminations from effluent and family sewerage, both overflow ( wastewaters ) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological procedures to take physical, chemical and biological contaminations. Its aim is to bring forth an environmentally-safe fluid waste watercourse ( or treated wastewater ) and a solid waste ( or treated sludge ) suitable for disposal or reuse ( normally as farm fertiliser ) . Using advanced engineering it is now possible to re-use sewerage wastewater for imbibing H2O, although Singapore is the lone state to implement such engineering on a production graduated table in its production of NEWater. 1.2 ORIGIN OF WASTE WATER Sewage is created by residential, institutional, and commercial and industrial constitutions and includes family waste liquid from lavatories, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via cloacas. In many countries, sewerage besides includes liquid waste from industry and commercialism. The separation and draining of family waste into greywater and blackwater is going more common in the developed universe, with greywater being permitted to be used for irrigating workss or recycled for blushing lavatories. Sewage may include stormwater overflow. Sewage systems capable of managing stormwater are known as combined systems. Combined sewer systems are normally avoided now because precipitation causes widely changing flows cut downing sewerage intervention works efficiency. Combined cloacas require much larger, more expensive, intervention installations than healthful cloacas. Heavy storm overflow may overpower the sewerage intervention system, doing a spill or flood. Sanitary cloacas are typically much smaller than combined cloacas, and they are non designed to transport stormwater. Backups of natural sewerage can happen if inordinate Infiltration/Inflow is allowed into a healthful cloaca system. Modern sewered developments be given to be provided with separate storm drain systems for rainwater. As rainfall travels over roofs and the land, it may pick up assorted contaminations including dirt atoms and other deposit, heavy metals, organic compounds, carnal waste, and oil and lubricating oil. ( See urban overflow. ) Some legal powers require stormwater to have some degree of intervention before being discharged straight into waterways. Examples of intervention procedures used for stormwater include keeping basins, wetlands, buried vaults with assorted sorts of media filters, and vortex centrifuges ( to take harsh solids ) .Chapter TWO2.1 OVERVIEW OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESSESSewage can be treated near to where it is created, a decentralized system, ( in infected armored combat vehicles, biofilters or aerophilic intervention systems ) , or be collected and transported via a web of pipes and pump Stationss to a municipal intervention works, a centralized system, ( see sewag e and pipes and substructure ) . Sewage aggregation and intervention is typically capable to local, province and federal ordinances and criterions. Industrial beginnings of effluent frequently require specialised intervention processes as shown in the diagram below:Procedure Flow Diagramfor a typical intervention works via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands ( SFCW )Sewage intervention by and large involves three phases, called primary, secondary and third intervention. Primary intervention consists of temporarily keeping the sewerage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the underside while oil, lubricating oil and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating stuffs are removed and the staying liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary intervention. Secondary intervention removes dissolved and suspended biological affair. Secondary intervention is typically performed by autochthonal, water-borne microorganisms in a managed home ground. Secondary intervention may necessitate a separation procedure to take the microorganisms from the treated H2O prior to dispatch or third intervention. Third intervention is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary intervention in order to let rejection into a extremely sensitive or delicate ecosystem ( estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs etc. ) . Treated H2O is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically ( for illustration, by lagunas and microfiltration ) prior to dispatch into a watercourse, river, bay, laguna or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf class, green manner or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can besides be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural intents.2.2 PRE-TREATMENTPre-treatment removes stuffs that can be easy collected from the natural waste H2O before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary intervention clarifiers ( rubbish, tree limbs, foliages, etc. ) .ScreeningThe inflowing sewerage H2O is screened to take all big objects like tins, shreds, sticks, fictile packages etc. carried in the sewerage watercourse. This is most normally done wit h an automated automatically raked saloon screen in modern workss functioning big populations, whilst in smaller or less modern workss a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical saloon screen is typically paced harmonizing to the accretion on the saloon screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and subsequently disposed in a landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of changing sizes may be used to optimise solids remotion. If gross solids are non removed they become entrained in pipes and traveling parts of the intervention works and can do significant harm and inefficiency in the procedure.GRIT REMOVALPre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the speed of the entrance effluent is adjusted to let the colony of sand, grit, rocks, and broken glass. These atoms are removed because they may damage pumps and other equipment. For little healthful cloaca systems, the grit Chamberss may non be necessary, but grit rem otion is desirable at larger workss.FAT AND GREASE REMOVALIn some larger workss, fat and lubricating oil is removed by go throughing the sewerage through a little armored combat vehicle where skimmers collect the fat natation on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the armored combat vehicle may besides be used to assist retrieve the fat as a foam. In most workss nevertheless, fat and lubricating oil remotion takes topographic point in the primary colony armored combat vehicle utilizing mechanical surface skimmers.2.3 PRIMARY TREATMENTIn the primary deposit phase, sewerage flows through big armored combat vehicles, normally called â€Å" primary clarifiers † or â€Å" primary deposit armored combat vehicles. † The armored combat vehicles are used to settle sludge while lubricating oil and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off. Primary settling armored combat vehicles are normally equipped with automatically goaded scrapers that continually drive the gathered sludge towards a hopper in the base of the armored combat vehicle where it is pumped to sludge intervention installations. Grease and oil from the drifting stuff can sometimes be recovered for saponification. The dimensions of the armored combat vehicle should be designed to consequence remotion of a high per centum of the floatables and sludge. A typical deposit armored combat vehicle may take from 60 to 65 per centum of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 per centum of biochemical O demand ( BOD ) from the sewerage.2.4 SECONDARY TREATMENTSecondary intervention is designed to well degrade the biological content of the sewerage which are derived from human waste, nutrient waste, soaps and detergent. The bulk of municipal workss handle the settled sewerage spirits utilizing aerophilic biological procedures. To be effectual, the biology necessitate both O and nutrient to populate. The bacterium and Protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminations ( e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain C molecules, etc. ) and adhere much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary intervention systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems. Fixed-film or affiliated growing systems include dribbling filters and revolving biological contactors, where the biomass grows on media and the sewerage passes over its surface. Suspended-growth systems include activated sludge, where the biomass is assorted with the sewerage and can be operated in a smaller infinite than fixed-film systems that treat the same sum of H2O. However, fixed-film systems are more able to get by with drastic alterations in the sum of biological stuff and can supply higher remotion rates for organic stuff and suspended solids than suspended growing systems. [ 6 ] :11-13 Rough ining filters are intended to handle peculiarly strong or variable organic tonss, typically industrial, to let them to so be treated by conventional secondary intervention procedures. Features include filters filled with media to which effluent is applied. They are designed to let high hydraulic burden and a high degree of aeration. On larger installings, air is forced through the media utilizing blowers. The attendant effluent is normally within the normal scope for conventional intervention procedures. A generalised, conventional diagram of an activated sludge procedure. A filter removes a little per centum of the suspended organic affair, while the bulk of the organic affair undergoes a alteration of character, merely due to the biological oxidization and nitrification taking topographic point in the filter. With this aerophilic oxidization and nitrification, the organic solids are converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and can settle to the underside of a armored combat vehicle. The wastewater of the filter is hence passed through a deposit armored combat vehicle, called a secondary clarifier, secondary subsiding armored combat vehicle or humus armored combat vehicle.ACTIVATED SLUDGEIn general, activated sludge workss encompass a assortment of mechanisms and procedures that use dissolved O to advance the growing of biological floc that well removes organic stuff. The procedure traps particulate stuff and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonium hydroxide to nitrite and nitrate and finally to nitrogen gas.SURFACE-AERATED BASINS ( LAGOONS )Many little municipal sewerage systems in the United States ( 1 million gal./day or less ) usage aerated lagunas. Most biological oxidization processes for handling industrial effluents have in common the usage of O ( or air ) and microbic action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90 per centum remotion of BOD with keeping times of 1 to 10 yearss. The basins may run in deepness from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and utilize motor-driven aerators drifting on the surface of the effluent. In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two maps: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidization reactions, and they provide the commixture required for scattering the air and for reaching the reactants ( that is, O, effluent and bug ) . Typically, the drifting surface aerators are rated to present the sum of air tantamount to 1.8 to 2.7A kilograms OHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen † 2/kWA ·h. However, they do non supply as good commixture as is usually achieved in activated sludge systems and hence aerated basins do non accomplish the same public presentation degree as activated sludge units. Biological oxidization procedures are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 A °C and 40 A °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vass operate at between 4 A °C and 32 A °C.CONSTRUCTED WETLANDSConstructed wetlands ( can either be surface flow or subsurface flow, horizontal or perpendicular flow ) , include engineered reedbeds and belong to the household of phytorestoration and ecotechnologies ; they provide a high grade of biological betterment and depending on design, act as a primary, secondary and sometimes third intervention, besides see phytoremediation. One illustration is a little reedbed used to clean the drainage from the elephants ‘ enclosure at Chester Zoo in England ; legion CWs are used to recycle the H2O of the metropolis of Honfleur in France and legion other towns in Europe, the US, Asia and Australia. They are known to be extremely productive systems as they copy natural wetlands, called the â€Å" Kidneys of the Earth † for their cardinal recycling capacity of the hydrological rhythm in the biosphere. Robust and dependable, their intervention capacities improve as clip spell by, at the antonym of conventional intervention workss whose machinery age with clip. They are being progressively used, although equal and experient design are more cardinal than for other systems and infinite restriction may hinder their usage.FILTER BEDS ( OXIDIZING BEDS )In older workss and those having variable burdens, dribbling filter beds are used where the settled sewerage spirits is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke ( carbonized coal ) , limestone french friess or specially fabricated fictile media. Such media must hold big surface countries to back up the biofilms that form. The spirits is typically distributed through perforated spray weaponries. The distributed spirits drips through the bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains besides provide a beginning of air w hich percolates up through the bed, maintaining it aerophilic. Biological movies of bacteriums, Protozoa and fungi signifier on the media ‘s surfaces and eat or otherwise cut down the organic content. This biofilm is frequently grazed by insect larvae, snails, and worms which help keep an optimum thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the movie taking to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface.SOIL BIO-TECHNOLOGYA new procedure called Soil Bio-Technology ( SBT ) developed at IIT Bombay has shown enormous betterments in procedure efficiency enabling entire H2O reuse, due to highly low runing power demands of less than 50 Js per kilogram of treated H2O. Typically SBT systems can accomplish chemical O demand ( COD ) degrees less than 10A mg/L from sewerage input of COD 400A mg/L. SBT workss exhibit high decreases in COD values and bacterial counts as a consequence of the really high microbic densenesss available in the media. Unlike conventional intervention workss, SBT workss produce undistinguished sums of sludge, preventing the demand for sludge disposal countries that are required by other engineerings.BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTERSBiological Aerated ( or Anoxic ) Filter ( BAF ) or Biofilters combine filtration with biological C decrease, nitrification or denitrification. BAF normally includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a crushed rock bed at the pes of the filter. The double intent of this media is to back up extremely active biomass that is attached to it and to filtrate suspended solids. Carbon decrease and ammonium hydroxide transition occurs in aerophilic manner and sometime achieved in a individual reactor while nitrate transition occurs in anoxic manner. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow constellation depending on design specified by maker. Conventional diagram of a typical revolving biological contactor ( RBC ) . The treated wastewater clarifier/settler is non included in the diagram.ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORSRevolving biological contactors ( RBCs ) are mechanical secondary intervention systems, which are robust and capable of defying rushs in organic burden. RBCs were foremost installed in Germany in 1960 and have since been developed and refined into a dependable operating unit. The revolving discs back up the growing of bacteriums and micro-organisms nowadays in the sewerage, which break down and brace organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both O to populate and nutrient to turn. Oxygen is obtained from the ambiance as the discs rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the revolving phonograph record in the sewerage. Effluent from the RBC is so passed through concluding clarifiers where the microorganisms in s uspension settee as a sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for farther intervention. A functionally similar biological filtering system has become popular as portion of place fish tank filtration and purification. The fish tank H2O is drawn up out of the armored combat vehicle and so cascaded over a freely whirling corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before go throughing through a media filter and back into the fish tank. The whirling mesh wheel develops a biofilm coating of micro-organisms that feed on the suspended wastes in the fish tank H2O and are besides exposed to the ambiance as the wheel rotates. This is particularly good at taking waste.MEMBRANE BIOREACTORSMembrane bioreactors ( MBR ) combine activated sludge intervention with a membrane liquid-solid separation procedure. The membrane constituent uses low force per unit area microfiltration or extremist filtration membranes and eliminates the demand for elucidation and third filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration armored combat vehicle ; nevertheless, some applications utilize a separate m embrane armored combat vehicle. One of the cardinal benefits of an MBR system is that it efficaciously overcomes the restrictions associated with hapless subsiding of sludge in conventional activated sludge ( CAS ) processes. The engineering permits bioreactor operation with well higher assorted spirits suspended solids ( MLSS ) concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge subsiding. The procedure is typically operated at MLSS in the scope of 8,000-12,000A mg/L, while CAS are operated in the scope of 2,000-3,000A mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the MBR procedure allows for really effectual remotion of both soluble and particulate biodegradable stuffs at higher burden rates. Therefore increased sludge keeping times, normally transcending 15 yearss, guarantee complete nitrification even in highly cold conditions.SECONDARY SEDIMENTATIONThe concluding measure in the secondary intervention phase is to settle out the biological floc or filter stuff through a sec ondary clarifier and to bring forth sewage H2O incorporating low degrees of organic stuff and suspended affair.TERTIARY TREATMENTThe intent of third intervention is to supply a concluding intervention phase to raise the outflowing quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment ( sea, river, lake, land, etc. ) . More than one third intervention procedure may be used at any intervention works. If disinfection is practiced, it is ever the concluding procedure. It is besides called â€Å" outflowing shining. †FiltrationSand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair. Filtration over activated C, besides called C surface assimilation, removes residuary toxins.LAGOONINGLagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is frequently encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphni a and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by taking all right particulates.NUTRIENT REMOVALEffluent may incorporate high degrees of the foods N and P. Excessive release to the environment can take to a physique up of foods, called eutrophication, which can in bend encourage the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This may do an algal bloom, a rapid growing in the population of algae. The algae Numberss are unsustainable and finally most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteriums uses up so much of O in the H2O that most or all of the animate beings die, which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Different intervention procedures are required to take N and P.NITROGEN REMOVALThe remotion of N is effected through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrificat ion ) , followed by denitrification, the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O. Nitrification itself is a two-step aerophilic procedure, each measure facilitated by a different type of bacteriums. The oxidization of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) to nitrite ( NO2a?’ ) is most frequently facilitated by Nitrosomonas spp. ( nitroso mentioning to the formation of a nitroso functional group ) . Nitrite oxidization to nitrate ( NO3a?’ ) , though traditionally believed to be facilitated by Nitrobacter spp. ( nitro mentioning the formation of a nitro functional group ) , is now known to be facilitated in the environment about entirely by Nitrospira spp. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to promote the appropriate biological communities to organize. It is facilitated by a broad diverseness of bacteriums. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can all be used to cut down N, but the activated sludge procedure ( if designed good ) can make the occupation the most easy. Since denitrification is the decrease of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an negatron giver is needed. This can be, depending on the effluent, organic affair ( from fecal matters ) , sulfide, or an added giver like methyl alcohol.PHOSPHORUS REMOVALPhosphorus remotion is of import as it is a confining food for algae growing in many fresh H2O systems. ( For a description of the negative effects of algae, see Nutrient remotion ) . It is besides peculiarly of import for H2O reuse systems where high P concentrations may take to fouling of downstream equipment such as rearward osmosis. Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a procedure called enhanced biological P remotion. In this procedure, specific bacterium, called polyphosphate roll uping beings ( PAOs ) , are selectively enriched and roll up big measures of P within their cells ( up to 20 per centum of their mass ) . When the biomass enriched in these bacteriums is separated from the treated H2O, these biosolids have a high fertiliser value. Phosphorus remotion can besides be achieved by chemical precipitation, normally with salts of Fe ( e.g. ferrous chloride ) , aluminium ( e.g. alum ) , or lime. This may take to inordinate sludge production as hydrated oxides precipitates and the added chemicals can be expensive. Chemical P remotion requires significantly smaller equipment footmark than biological remotion, is easier to run and is frequently more dependable than biological P remotion. Another method for P remotion is to utilize farinaceous laterite. Once removed, P, in the signifier of a phosphate-rich sludge, may be stored in a land fill or resold for usage in fertiliser.DisinfectionThe intent of disinfection in the intervention of waste H2O is to well cut down the figure of micro-organisms in the H2O to be discharged back into the environment. The effectivity of disinfection depends on the quality of the H2O being treated ( e.g. , cloud cover, pH, etc. ) , the type of disinfection being used, the bactericidal dose ( concentration and clip ) , and other environmental variables. Cloudy H2O will be treated less successfully, since solid affair can screen organisms, particularly from ultraviolet visible radiation or if contact times are low. By and large, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effectual disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, Cl, ultraviolet visible radiation, or Na hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for imbibing H2O, is non used in waste H2O intervention becaus e of its continuity. Chlorination remains the most common signifier of waste H2O disinfection in North America due to its low cost and long-run history of effectivity. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residuary organic stuff can bring forth chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogenic or harmful to the environment. Residual Cl or chloramines may besides be capable of chlorinating organic stuff in the natural aquatic environment. Further, because residuary Cl is toxic to aquatic species, the treated wastewater must besides be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexness and cost of intervention. Ultraviolet ( UV ) light can be used alternatively of Cl, I, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated H2O has no inauspicious consequence on beings that subsequently devour it, as may be the instance with other methods. UV radiation causes harm to the familial construction of bacteriums, viruses, and other pathogens, doing them incapable of reproduction. The cardinal disadvantages of UV disinfection are the demand for frequent lamp care and replacing and the demand for a extremely treated wastewater to guarantee that the mark micro-organisms are non shielded from the UV radiation ( i.e. , any solids nowadays in the treated wastewater may protect micro-organisms from the UV visible radiation ) . In the United Kingdom, UV visible radiation is going the most common agencies of disinfection because of the concerns about the impacts of Cl in chlorinating residuary organics in the effluent and in chlorinating organics in the receiving H2O. Some sewerage intervention s ystems in Canada and the US besides use UV visible radiation for their outflowing H2O disinfection. Ozone ( O3 ) is generated by go throughing O ( O2 ) through a high electromotive force possible resulting in a 3rd O atom going attached and organizing O3. Ozone is really unstable and reactive and oxidizes most organic stuff it comes in contact with, thereby destructing many infective micro-organisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than Cl because, unlike Cl which has to be stored on site ( extremely toxicant in the event of an inadvertent release ) , ozone is generated onsite as needed. Ozonation besides produces fewer disinfection byproducts than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone coevals equipment and the demands for particular operators.ODOUR CONTROLSmells emitted by sewerage intervention are typically an indicant of an anaerobic or â€Å" infected † status. Early phases of processing will be given to bring forth fetid gases, with H sulphide being most common in bring forthing ailments. Large procedure workss in urban countri es will frequently handle the smells with C reactors, a contact media with bio-slimes, little doses of Cl, or go arounding fluids to biologically capture and metabolise the objectionable gases. Other methods of odour control exist, including add-on of Fe salts, H peroxide, Ca nitrate, etc. to pull off H sulphide degrees.Package Plants AND BATCH REACTORSTo utilize less infinite, dainty hard waste and intermittent flows, a figure of designs of intercrossed intervention workss have been produced. Such workss frequently combine at least two phases of the three chief intervention phases into one combined phase. In the UK, where a big figure of effluent intervention workss serve little populations, bundle workss are a feasible option to constructing a big construction for each procedure phase. In the US, bundle workss are typically used in rural countries, main road remainder Michigans and dawdler Parkss. One type of system that combines secondary intervention and colony is the sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) . Typically, activated sludge is assorted with natural entrance sewerage, and so assorted and aerated. The settled sludge is run away and re-aerated before a proportion is returned to the headworks. SBR workss are now being deployed in many parts of the universe. The disadvantage of the SBR procedure is that it requires a precise control of timing, blending and aeration. This preciseness is typically achieved with computing machine controls linked to detectors. Such a complex, delicate system is unsuited to topographic points where controls may be undependable, ill maintained, or where the power supply may be intermittent. Extended aeration bundle workss use separate basins for aeration and subsiding, and are slightly larger than SBR workss with decreased timing sensitiveness. Package workss may be referred to every bit high charged or low charged. This refers to the manner the biological burden is processed. In high charged systems, the biological phase is presented with a high organic burden and the combined floc and organic stuff is so oxygenated for a few hours before being charged once more with a new burden. In the low charged system the biological phase contains a low organic burden and is combined with flocculate for longer times.SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSALThe sludges accumulated in a effluent intervention procedure must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effectual mode. The intent of digestion is to cut down the sum of organic affair and the figure of disease-causing micro-organisms present in the solids. The most common intervention options include anaerobiotic digestion, aerophilic digestion, and composting. Incineration is besides used albeit to a much lesser grade. Sludge intervention depends on the sum of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. Composting is most frequently applied to small-scale workss with aerophilic digestion for mid sized operations, and anaerobiotic digestion for the larger-scale operations.ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONAnaerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure that is carried out in the absence of O. The procedure can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in armored combat vehicles at a temperature of 55A °C, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36A °C. Though leting shorter keeping clip ( and therefore smaller armored combat vehicles ) , thermophilic digestion is more expensive in footings of energy ingestion for heating the sludge. Anaerobic digestion is the most common ( mesophilic ) intervention of domestic sewerage in infected armored combat vehicles, which usually retain the sewerage from one twenty-four hours to two yearss, cut downing the BOD by approximately 35 to 40 per centum. This decrease can be increased with a combination of anaerobiotic and aerophilic intervention by put ining Aerobic Treatment Units ( ATUs ) in the infected armored combat vehicle. One major characteristic of anaerobiotic digestion is the production of biogas ( with the most utile constituent being methane ) , which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for warming intents.AEROBIC DIGESTIONAerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure happening in the presence of O. Under aerophilic conditions, bacteriums quickly consume organic affair and change over it into C dioxide. The operating costs used to be characteristically much greater for aerophilic digestion because of the energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors needed to add O to the procedure. Aerobic digestion can besides be achieved by utilizing diffuser systems or jet aerators to oxidise the sludge.COMPOSTINGComposting is besides an aerophilic procedure that involves blending the sludge with beginnings of C such as sawdust, straw or wood french friess. In the presence of O, bacterium digest both the effluent solids and the added C beginning and, in making so, produce a big sum of heat.IncinerationIncineration of sludge is less common because of air emanations concerns and the auxiliary fuel ( typically natural gases or fuel oil ) required to fire the low calorific value sludge and zap residuary H2O. Stepped multiple fireplace incinerators with high abode clip and fluidized bed incinerators are the most common systems used to burn effluent sludge. Co-firing in municipal waste-to-energy workss is on occasion done, this option being less expensive presuming the installations already exist for solid waste and there is no demand for subsidiary fuel.Chapter THREETERTIARY TREA TMENT3.1 SLUDGE DISPOSALWhen a liquid sludge is produced, farther intervention may be required to do it suited for concluding disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened ( dewatered ) to cut down the volumes transported off-site for disposal. There is no procedure which wholly eliminates the demand to dispose of biosolids. There is, nevertheless, an extra measure some metropoliss are taking to superheat sludge and change over it into little pelletized granules that are high in N and other organic stuffs. In New York City, for illustration, several sewerage intervention workss have dewatering installations that use big extractors along with the add-on of chemicals such as polymer to farther take liquid from the sludge. The removed fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the effluent procedure. The merchandise which is left is called â€Å" bar † and that is picked up by companies which turn it into fertilizer pellets. This merchandise is so sold to local husbandm ans and sod farms as a dirt amendment or fertiliser, cut downing the sum of infinite required to dispose of sludge in landfills. Much sludge arising from commercial or industrial countries is contaminated with toxic stuffs that are released into the cloacas from the industrial procedures. Elevated concentrations of such stuffs may do the sludge unsuitable for agricultural usage and it may so hold to be incinerated or disposed of to landfill.3.2 TREATMENT IN THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENTMany procedures in a effluent intervention works are designed to mime the natural intervention processes that occur in the environment, whether that environment is a natural H2O organic structure or the land. If non overloaded, bacteriums in the environment will devour organic contaminations, although this will cut down the degrees of O in the H2O and may significantly alter the overall ecology of the receiving H2O. Native bacterial populations feed on the organic contaminations, and the Numberss of disea se-causing micro-organisms are reduced by natural environmental conditions such as predation or exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, in instances where the receiving environment provides a high degree of dilution, a high grade of effluent intervention may non be required. However, recent grounds has demonstrated that really low degrees of specific contaminations in effluent, including endocrines ( from animate being farming and residue from human hormonal contraceptive method methods ) and man-made stuffs such as phthalates that mimic endocrines in their action, can hold an unpredictable inauspicious impact on the natural biology and potentially on worlds if the H2O is re-used for imbibing H2O. [ 21 ] In the US and EU, uncontrolled discharges of effluent to the environment are non permitted under jurisprudence, and rigorous H2O quality demands are to be met. ( For demands in the US, see Clean Water Act. ) A important menace in the coming decennaries will be the increasin g uncontrolled discharges of effluent within quickly developing states.3.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESFew dependable figures on the portion of the effluent collected in cloacas that is being treated in the universe exist. In many developing states the majority of domestic and industrial effluent is discharged without any intervention or after primary intervention merely. In Latin America about 15 % of gathered effluent base on ballss through intervention workss ( with varying degrees of existent intervention ) . In Venezuela, a below mean state in South America with regard to wastewater intervention, 97 per centum of the state ‘s sewerage is discharged natural into the environment. In a comparatively developed Middle Eastern state such as Iran, Tehran ‘s bulk of population has wholly untreated sewerage injected to the metropolis ‘s groundwater. However now the building of major parts of the sewerage system, aggregation and intervention, in Tehran is ab out complete, and under development, due to be to the full completed by the terminal of 2012. In Israel, approximately 50 per centum of agricultural H2O use ( entire usage was 1 billion three-dimensional meters in 2008 ) is provided through reclaimed cloaca H2O. Future programs call for increased usage of treated cloaca H2O every bit good as more desalinization workss.